MATTER

By: Sir Rylle Andrian P.Barona, LPT

The Particulate nature of matter
• Ancient Greek philosophers were the first to speculate the nature of matter by
providing different assumptions on what it is made of.
• The idea of Democritus suggested that all matter in the universe was made up
of tiny, indivisible, solid objects he called "atomos."
• There are four main ideas in the particulate nature of matter:
• Matter is composed of discrete particles.
• There is an empty space between particles of matter.
• The particles of matter are in constant motion.
• There are forces that act between the particles.
• The arrangement of particles, its motion, and intermolecular forces dictate the
kind of state in which matter exists.
• Solids have particles that are compact and arranged in an orderly manner. The
particles are held tightly by strong attractive forces which limit its movement to
vibratory motion in fixed positions.
• Liquids have particles that are close together but are not arranged in an orderly
manner. The particles are held by moderately strong attractive forces which allow
them to slide past one another.
• Gases have particles that are far apart and are moving swiftly and in random
directions. Since particles are far apart from one another, there is very minimal force
that exists between them.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Describing Matter
How would you describe
yourself so that
someone else could
identify you?
• On a separate sheet of paper,
write as many physical
descriptions of yourself as you
can. Do not put your name on
the paper.
 Physical Properties
• A property of matter that can be
observed or measured without
changing the identity of the matter.
• Physical properties identify matter.
• Examples include but are not limited to:
• Density
• Malleability
• Ductility
• Solubility
• State
• Thermal Conductivity
Physical Properties
• Density
• Amount of mass in a given volume
• A substance is always the same at a given
pressure and temperature regardless of
the size of the sample of the substance.
• The density of one substance is usually
different from that of another substance.
• Density equals mass divided by volume.
• D=m/v
 Physical Property

• Malleability
• The ability to be pounded into thin sheets.
• Example:
• Aluminum can be rolled or pounded into
sheets to make foil.

• Ductility
• The ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire
• Example
• Copper in wiring – soldering wires or joints
Physical Property
• Solubility
• The ability to dissolve in another
substance.
• Example:
• Sugar or salt dissolve in water
• Three ways to increase solubility
• Heat or make warmer
• Grind or smash
• Stir or mix
Physical Property

• State of Matter
• The physical form in which a substance
exists at room temperature, such as:
• Solid – matter has a definite shape and
volume
• Liquid – matter takes the shape of its
container and has a definite volume
• Gas – matter changes in both shape and
volume
Physical Property

• Thermal Conductivity
• The ability to transfer thermal
energy from one area to another.
• Examples:
• Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so a
hot drink won’t burn your hand.
• The inside of the toaster (hot coils)
 Chemical Property
• A property of matter that
describes a substance based on
its ability to change into a new
substance with different
properties.
• Combustibility
• Flammability
• Reactivity
• Acids
• Bases
• Oxidation
Chemical Properties
 Can be observed with your senses.
 Are Not as easy to observe as
physical properties
Example:
 Flammability – Only when wood
burns
 Combustibility – Only when
fireworks explode
 Reactivity – Only when iron
Oxidizes (rust)
 Physical Change
• A change that affects one or more
physical properties of a
substance.
• Do Not form new substances.
• Can often be Undone
• Example Butter on counter can be
placed back in refrigerator.
• Change of State
• Solid to Liquid
• Liquid to Gas
Chemical Change
• A change that occurs when one or more
substances are changed into entirely new
substances with different properties.
• Can Not change back under normal
conditions (some can be changed back by
other chemical means)
• Common Examples:
• Reactivity – Oxidation (rust) on a bicycle
• pH (Acid / Base) – Effervescent tablets
• Flammability – Burnt wood
• Combustibility - Fireworks
 5 Signs of a Chemical
Change
• The only sure way to know
there has been a chemical
change is the observance of a
new substance formed

• Sometimes that is hard to do, so

look for the signs…….
Sign 1 a Chemical Change
• Odor Production-this is an odor
far different from what it should
smell like
• Ex: Rotting eggs, food in fridge,
decomposing flesh
2nd Sign of a Chemical Change
• Change in Temperature
• Exothermic-When energy is
released do during the chemical
change ex: wood burning
Change in Temperature

• Endothermic- Energy is
absorbed causing a decrease in
temperature of the reactant
material ex: cold pack in first
aid kit
3rd Sign of a Chemical Change

Change in Color
Ex: fruit changing color when it
ripens, leaves changing color in
the Autumn, dying your hair
4th sign of a Chemical Change

• Formation of Bubbles
• This can indicate the presence
of a gas. Bubbles produced
when boiling water is not a
chemical change.
5th Sign of a Chemical Change

• Formation of a Precipitate
• When two liquids are combined
and a solid is produced
Pure Substances and
Mixtures
Pure
Mixtures
Substance
 2 types of mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures
•All components of the •Components cannot be
distinguished from each
mixture are visible
other, appear as one
because they do not substance
mix together •Particles distributed evenly
•Particles not throughout
distributed evenly
EX: air, salt water, 10 karat
gold
EX: trail mix,
vegetable soup,
oil and water
Extras:
• Homogeneous mixtures are also called
solutions.

• Separate particles are not visible

because one dissolves in the other =
dissolution

• In salt water,
• salt is the solute, gets dissolved
• water is the solvent, dissolves
other substance
 Separation of Mixtures
1. Sedimentation: 3. Filtration: separates parts of a
occurs naturally when heterogeneous mixture by
pouring it though a filter, the
solid substances that are
larger particles (residue) will be
heavier than their solvent held in the filter while the smaller
deposit at the bottom of ones (filtrate) will pass through.
the mixture.
4. Distillation: used to separate
components of a homogeneous
2. Decantation: a mixture based on their different
heterogeneous mixture boiling points. Solution is heated
that has distinct layers and substance with lower boiling
can be separated by points evaporates and passes
slowly pouring one of the through a tube where it cools and
turns back to water in another
layers into another container.
container.
ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS
• A compound is a substance made
of two or more different kinds of
elements chemically combined in
a specific ratio.
• Each compound is represented by
a formula that uses symbols to
identify which elements are
present.
• A formula shows the ratio of
elements in the compound.
• H2O – ratio of Hydrogen is 2:1
Oxygen
• The symbols make up
the formula. A formula
is just chemical
shorthand for the
compound.
• The subscript lets us
know how many atoms
are present.
 CHEMISTRY OF
COMMERCIAL PRODUCT:
PURE SUBSTANCE
• Understanding how chemical molecules
form and react to produce complex
structures is necessary to be able to
harness the benefits of chemistry and
utilize them to create useful chemical
products.
• Chemical products are materials that
contain chemical substances that are
manufactured and processed for specific
purposes such as medication, food
preparation, cleaning and maintenance,
fuel resources, and construction.
• It is important to consider the components
of the chemical products you are using to
determine whether it is safe and effective
to use as well as cost-efficient.