Oscillatory Motion

Simple Harmonic
Motion
S.H.M.
Section Concepts:
• Oscillation as a periodic motion
• Parameters of oscillatory motion
(amplitude - frequency - periodic time -
energy)
• Applications of oscillation (resonance -
earthquakes - bridges )
Section Objectives:
•Identify the amplitude of oscillation
•Recognize the relationship between frequency
and period
•Measure oscillation parameters practically
•Determine the free fall acceleration practically
through the oscillation of a pendulum
•Apply the concept of energy conservation to
simple harmonic motion
Simple harmonic motion:

Occurs when the net force along the direction of

motion obeys Hooke’s law—when the net force is
proportional to the displacement from the
equilibrium point and is always directed toward
the equilibrium point.
Simple harmonic motion:

The following three concepts are important in discussing any

kind of periodic motion:
Simple harmonic motion:

The following three concepts are important in discussing any

kind of periodic motion:
The amplitude A is the maximum distance of the object from its
equilibrium position.
In the absence of friction, an object in simple harmonic motion
oscillates between the positions x = - A and x = + A.
Simple harmonic motion:

The following three concepts are important in discussing any

kind of periodic motion:
The amplitude A is the maximum distance of the object from its
equilibrium position.
In the absence of friction, an object in simple harmonic motion
oscillates between the positions x = - A and x = + A.

The period T is the time it takes the object to move through one
complete cycle of motion, from x = A to x = - A and back to x = A.
Simple harmonic motion:

The following three concepts are important in discussing any

kind of periodic motion:
The amplitude A is the maximum distance of the object from its
equilibrium position.
In the absence of friction, an object in simple harmonic motion
oscillates between the positions x = - A and x = + A.

The period T is the time it takes the object to move through one
complete cycle of motion, from x = A to x = - A and back to x = A.

The frequency f is the number of complete cycles or vibrations per

unit of time, and is the reciprocal of the period ( f = 1/T).
Simple harmonic motion:

The acceleration of an object moving with simple harmonic

motion can be found by using Hooke’s law in the equation
for Newton’s second law,
F = ma.
This gives
Simple harmonic motion: (Energy
stored in a spring)
Simple harmonic motion: (Energy
stored in a spring)

Since the force is not constant so, we take the average:

Simple harmonic motion: (Energy
stored in a spring)

Since the force is not constant so, we take the average:

Simple harmonic motion: (Energy
stored in a spring)

Since the force is not constant so, we take the average:

And work = force X displacement

Simple harmonic motion: (Energy
stored in a spring)

Since the force is not constant so, we take the average:

And work = force X displacement

Simple harmonic motion: (Energy
stored in a spring)

Since the force is not constant so, we take the average:

And work = force X displacement

Then:
Simple harmonic motion: (Velocity as a
Function of Position)
Simple harmonic motion: (Velocity as a
Function of Position)
When a spring is stretched and
released
Simple harmonic motion: (Velocity as a
Function of Position)
When a spring is stretched and
released
Simple harmonic motion: (Velocity as a
Function of Position)
When a spring is stretched and
released

Solve for v:
Simple harmonic motion: (Velocity as a
Function of Position)
When a spring is stretched and
released

Solve for v:

Note that is constant for the

same system
Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion
with Uniform Circular Motion
Vo is the tangential velocity
of the revolving body and V
is its x-component
Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion
with Uniform Circular Motion
Vo is the tangential velocity
of the revolving body and V
is its x-component
From the bigger triangle
Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion
with Uniform Circular Motion
Vo is the tangential velocity
of the revolving body and V
is its x-component
From the bigger triangle

From the smaller triangle

Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion
with Uniform Circular Motion
Vo is the tangential velocity
of the revolving body and V
is its x-component
From the bigger triangle

From the smaller triangle

Therefore:
Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion
with Uniform Circular Motion
Vo is the tangential velocity
of the revolving body and V
is its x-component
From the bigger triangle

From the smaller triangle

Therefore:
and
Period and frequency:
Period and frequency:
Period and frequency:

A ball moves from P to Q, a quarter of a revolution,

The motion of the shadow is equivalent to the
horizontal motion of an object on the end of a
spring.
Period and frequency:

A ball moves from P to Q, a quarter of a revolution,

The motion of the shadow is equivalent to the
horizontal motion of an object on the end of a
spring.
Period and frequency:

A ball moves from P to Q, a quarter of a revolution,

The motion of the shadow is equivalent to the
horizontal motion of an object on the end of a
spring.
Period and frequency:

A ball moves from P to Q, a quarter of a revolution,

The motion of the shadow is equivalent to the
horizontal motion of an object on the end of a
spring.
Period and frequency:

Since:
Period and frequency:

Since:

Therefore:
Period and frequency:

Since:

Therefore:

And:
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
as a Function of Time
Motion of a Pendulum
“S” is the displacement of the
bob from equilibrium along
the arc. Hooke’s law is F = - kx,
so we are looking for a similar
expression involving
“S”,
Ft = - k s, where Ft
is the force acting in a
direction tangent to the
circular arc.
From the figure, the restoring
force is
Motion of a Pendulum
Since s = Lϴ, the equation for
F can be written as

This expression isn’t of the form

Ft = - ks,
so in general, the motion of a
pendulum is not simple
harmonic. For small angles less
than about 15 degrees, however,
the angle ϴ measured in radians
and the sine of the angle are
approximately equal.
Motion of a Pendulum
the approximation sin ϴ ≈ ϴ is
valid, and the restoring force
can be written as:

Substituting ϴ = s/L, we obtain

Motion of a Pendulum
This equation follows the
general form of Hooke’s force
law
F = - ks,
With k = mg/L.
We are justified in saying that a
pendulum undergoes simple
harmonic motion only when it
swings back and forth at small
amplitudes (or, in this case,
small values of ϴ, so that
sin ϴ ≈ ϴ ).
Motion of a Pendulum
The angular frequency is given
by

Substituting the expression of

k for a pendulum, we obtain

Therefore: