WELCOME

TO
RADAR SYSTEMS
RADAR
RADAR stands for Radio Detecting and Ranging
A radar wont be a radar, it can’t measure range of
target
Its completely microwave system
Extension of eye
Radar Bands
Radar operates on different frequencies
Radar can operates on radio frequencies
At low and high frequencies
In defence system : secrecy is very important to
keep it from enemies what is the band of
frequency in which the radar is operating.
If enemy know the frequency easily fool the radar.
After world war 2 shifted to higher frequencies
Radio Frequency Bands
 Audio frequency range 20HZ to 20KHZ
Velocity of light(speed of light)
So we can use audio frequency 2 instead of 3 so fr
range 30HZ to 30KHZ
Video frequency upto 30MHZ(communicative).
Radar bands starts from above 30KHZ
Move to higher frequency
Defence never use low frequencies(microwave
frequency)
Different frequencies
VLF(very low F): up to 30KHZ 4
( bands decided by scientific community )
LF(low F) : 30KHZ - 300KHZ 5
MF(mid F) : 300KHZ – 3MHZ 6
HF(high F) : 3MHZ – 30MHZ 7
VHF : 30MHZ – 300MHZ 8
UHF(Ultra) : 300MHZ - 3GHZ 9
SHF(Super): 3GHZ – 30GHZ 10
EHF( Extremely ): 30GHZ – 300GHZ 11
 
Bands are given by

operand
Example : if band is 8
---
Military Bands
In military Bands which still doesn’t
have any scientific basis
They gives some names
What is antenna beam width
All the radio waves which not in frequency of light
Even light also radiates in beam not like straight line.
Beam width is so small, can say that straight line.
Angle we called as beam width.
Antenna beam is proportional to inversely praposenal
to antenna aperture(in wave length).
Ex: 25MHZ 1 degree beam width(that portion
maximum power is concentrated)
Localize the power use max power efficiently. If I
spread beam lot of portion illuminated which are not
wanted. Information loss.
So always beam is good to main smaller beam.
Parabolic antenna 805(if) meter dia.( not a practical
system )
Home dish 1meter dia
Ex 70GHZ- 1○beamwidth –30cm
Radar is a good sensor
1. Radar primary function is – detection.
2. Now a days radars can make some measurement.
i. Range
ii. Position
iii. Velocity
iv. Angular directions
v. Angular velocity
3. Classification of target-type, shape, size.
Active Radars, Passive Radars system.(Practically active)
Active Radars have Transmitter and receivers.
Passive have Receivers
Transmitters and receivers are co-located called mono-
static
If not separated Bistatic
Range Target
 A time taken for signal to travel from source to target
and back to receiver.
 Velocity of light is 3*10^8
 Tr =2R/c
 R= cTr/2
 RADAR EQUAVATION
 
Pt Free space
Gt
Transmitter R1

Pr
Gr R2
Receiver

Where Pt transmitter power, G gain , R1 Range and

Scattering
Radar cross section sigma
Radar Equation
Free space sphere
No other scatter than the signal
Target is far field of Tx antenna and Rx antenna
Plane wave illumination of target
Receiver also getting plane waves scattered from the
target.
 
In parabolic antenna gain and effective area is
Prediction of RANGE PERFORMANCE
 In
   the radar equation, all the parameters are to some
extent under the control of the radar designer except
the target cross section
 If long ranges are required Pt should high and gain of
antenna should high but antenna beam should be
narrow beam and the receiver must be receive to
weaker signal.
Minimum Detectable signal
 Where threshold level were set to low, noise might be
exceed threshold and give a false information of a
target is called a ‘false alarm’.
 If threshold level were set to high weak target echo
signal might not detectable is called missed detection.
 Early radar threshold levels was set based on the
judgement person.
Receiver Noise
 Noise is an unwanted signal, which is interference with
the ability of the receiver to detect the wanted signal.
 At the receiver section noise may be enter with the
receiving antenna along with the wanted signal
through antenna.
 Receiver generated a noise component into the signal,
which is received at the receiver, that kind of noise is
known as receiver noise.
 Noise generated by the thermal motion of the receiver
input stages is known as thermal or johnson noise.

Where k Boltzmann's constant = 1.38*10^-23 j/deg

T Absolute temperature is equal to 290 degree k
Bn receiver band width.
Signal to Noise Ratio
 Noise figure is the ratio of input of (SNR)i and output
of (SNR)o
 NoSi/NiSo
Si= F.NiSo/No
Si = F. So/No []
Si = FKToBn(So/No)
Smin = FKToBn(So/No)min
Substitute Smin in radar range equation.
It’s the output of if amplifier.