AIrcond

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIA FRANCE INSTITUTE
Refrigeration
System Components
Refrigeration cycle
Vapor Compression Refrigeration
Condensor
Expansion
Device
Compressor
evaporator
The Basic Cycle on the p-H Chart

Vapor change to liquid

from the process of heat
condensation.
High temperature and high pressure vapor compress

by compressor
1
The Basic Cycle of Refrigeration

System (Cold Room)
Refrigeration
System Components
Compressors
Condensor
Expansion
Device
Compressor
evaporator
Types of Compressors
There are five basic types of compressors in use
1. Reciprocating (piston-cylinder)
2. Rotary
3. Screw type
4. Centrifugal
5. Scroll
Reciprocating compressor
Reciprocating compressor:
Compression is done by a reciprocating
(up-down stroke) movement of piston.
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
piston
connecting rod
crankshaft
OPEN TYPE COMPRESSOR 10HP (Bitzer)
Piston Ring
Piston
Gasket
Compressor
Rotary compressor:
Compression is done by the rotary

motion of roller/piston. There always
two separated ports (lo press. and
hi press.) divided by the blade (or
valve)
rotor
stator
Crack shaft
Upper cylinder
Roller
Bearing
Lower cylinder
Rotary compressor : mfg process
Crack shaft
rotor
stator
Counter weight
Upper cylinder
Roller
Bearing
Lower cylinder
Rotary compressor : mfg process
Double Roller Casing Single Roller
Crank shaft
rotor
stator
Counter weight
Upper cylinder
Roller/
piston
Bearing
Lower cylinder
Silencer cup
Rotary compressor
Vane plate
Backer plate
Valve plate
Roller
Crank shaft
START STOP
Scroll Compressor
Scroll compressor:
Compression is done by the
orbiting
Scroll part moving along the fixed
Scroll port.
Fixed scroll
orbiting scroll
Casing Scroll Compressor
Fixed scroll
Orbitting scroll
Olham coupling (DU bearing)
Lower bearing
Crankshaft
Stator
Rotor
Counter
weight
Scroll Compressor
Fixed scroll
Orbiting scroll
Olham Coupling (DU bearing):

This bearing prevent the orbiting scroll
Rotating due to crankshaft rotation.
crankshaft
Olham Coupling (DU bearing)

Scroll compressor
Scroll compressor
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)
Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Hermetic Compressor
screw compressor
Screw compressor – Commercial A/C application
C
B A
Cross Section of Screw Type Compressor A-Male rotor, B-Female Rotor, Cylinder
Refrigeration
System Components
Condensors
Condensor
Expansion
Device
Compressor
evaporator
Condenser
Condenser rejects heat from the refrigeration
system.
To change state of the refrigerant from vapor to

liquid.
The heat discharge by the condenser is larger

than evaporation heat, since the compression
heat in the compressor is added.
Condenser
The condenser can be classified into type according
to its cooling method
– Water cooled
• Double tube type
• Shell and tube type
– Air cooled
• Cross fin coil type
• Wind fin type
Condenser
Condenser – Cross fin type
• The cross fin type condenser consist of U

shaped copper tube inserted in aluminums fin
to have larger heat transfer area.
• Some recent condenser have waffle louver
fins or multi-slit fins and Hi-X tubes, the
internal surface of which modified by serration
– to increase heat exchange coeff and reduce
size.
Condenser
Condenser
Condenser – Double tube type
• (tube within tube)
• This type adopted in smaller capacity models
of water cooled packaged chillers and air
conditioners.
• Water flow through the inner tube and
refrigerant flows in opposite direction between
inner and the outer tubes.
• The external surface
Condenser – Wind Fin type
• The spine like aluminum fins are wound

around a copper tube and they shape like
rectangular spiral.
Condenser – Wind Fin type
Condenser
Condenser
Condenser
Condenser
Condenser
Condenser
Condenser
Refrigeration
System Components
Evaporators
Condensor
Expansion
Device
Compressor
evaporator
Evaporator
Evaporator absorbs heat into the system.
Liquid refrigerant entering the evaporator
from the metering device (flow control) is
suddenly under low pressure.
This makes it vaporize (boil) and absorb heat.
At this stage the refrigerant becomes low
pressure and low temperature.
Evaporator
• There are two main types of evaporators
– Dry system evaporator
• Refrigerant are fed as quickly as is needed to
maintain the desired temperature.
– Flooded type.
• The evaporator is always filled with liquid refrigerant
Note. The type of refrigerant control used

determines the type of evaporator used.
• Its also can be classified into two type according to its cooling
method
– Water cooled
– Air cooled.
Evaporator
Split type
Cassette type
Window type
Underceiling/Floor mounted type
Evaporator
• Water cooling
– Multiple tube-within a tube
– Shell and tube type
• Dry expansion shell / tube type
• Flood shell and tube type
– Air Cooling
• Cross fin type
Evaporator
Multiple tube-within-a-tube type
• Adopted in smaller capacity unit. Ex; water
chiller
• Several tubes are inserted within single tube
• Refrigerant flow through inner tubes and
water flow on the outside the inner tubes
• Flow of refrigerant and water in opposite
direction.
Evaporator -Multiple tube-within-a-
tube type
Evaporator
Dry expansion shell and tube type
• This types are adopted in middle and larger capacity
models of water chillers
• Dry expansion shell and corrugated tube type
– Corrugated copper cooling tubes are fixed to the end
plates at both ends by enlarging the tubes ends.
– Encased in a steel shell body.
• The liquid refrigerant is circulated in the cooling
tubes, taking heat from water which flows in contact
with the cooling tubes and evaporators.
Evaporator- Dry expansion shell
and tube type
Evaporator- Dry expansion shell
and Hi-X tube type
• Same method of
operation and
function as dry
expansion.
• The different is only
on the material of
the pipe used. – Hi-X
copper tube is used.
Evaporator
Flooded shell and tube
• This type is used in centrifugal water
chillers.
– The water flows through the tubes and the
refrigerant flows outside the tube.
Evaporator- Flooded shell and
tube
Evaporator
• Cross fin coil
– This type is used in all size air conditioner
and refrigeration applications.
– Consist of U shaped copper tubes inserted in
aluminum fins to have large heat transferring
area.
– The internal surface of which is modified by
serration to increase the heat exchange
coefficient and reduce the size of the unit.
Evaporator- Cross fin coil
Refrigeration
System Components
Metering Device
Condensor
Expansion
Device
Compressor
evaporator
ADJUSTMENT
STEM
VALVE
OUT IN
Hand Valve Metering

Device
ADJUSTMENT
LIQUID
ENTERING
TO
EVAPORATOR
SENSING BULB
Thermostatic
Expansion Valve
LIQUID
ADJUSTMENT
IN
SPRING
SENSING
BULB
VALVE
STEM TO EVAPORATOR
Thermostatic
Expansion Valve
EVAPORATOR
CAPILARRY
TUBE
SUCTION LINE
STRAINER LIQUID CONNECTION
CAPILARRY TUBE
FROM CONDENSOR
LIQUID LEVEL
TO EVAPORATOR
High Side float Valve

SUCTION LINE
VAPOR LEVELING
LIQUID LINE
LIQUID
FLOODED EVAPORATOR
Low Side float Valve

TXV
LIQUID/VAPOUR
MIXTURE
LIQUID
REFRIGERANT
REFRIGERANT
VAPOR
TXV
LIQUID
85psia,41F REFRIGERANT
(0.59MPa, 5 C)
290psia,109F
79psia,49F
(2MPa, 42.8C)
(0.54MPa, 9.4 C)
DETERMINE THE SUPERHEAT VALUE?

Diaphram
Remote
Evaporator Distributor
Bulb
External Equalizer
Suction Line
TXV OPERATION
P1
P1 Aplate
P2 Diaphragm
Screen/Filter P3
P2 Acone
To Evaporator
F3
Sensing bulb Free Body Diagram (FBD)
From
Condensor P1.Aplate + P2.Acone = F3
Adjusting
stem
By tightening the adjusting stem (screwing in), the
Spring force F3 will increase the superheat temperature
Meaning : condenser pressure to be higher than before in
order to overcome the spring forces.
• Valve opening degree is determined through the equilibrium of the following three forces.
– P1 – Force exerted upon the diagram by the gas pressure sealed in the sensor tube.
– P2 – Refrigerant evaporation pressure by the evaporator.
– F3 – Force of the superheat adjustment
Superheat Setting
• Too little Superheat:.

– Risk of Damage to compressor by Liquid Refrigerant
• Too much Superheat:.

– Reduction of system Efficiency
– Potential of coil frosting
– Risk of compressor damage due to overheating

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UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIA FRANCE INSTITUTE

Vapor Compression Refrigeration

The Basic Cycle on the p-H Chart

Vapor change to liquid

High temperature and high pressure vapor compress

The Basic Cycle of Refrigeration

Vapor Compression Refrigeration

There are five basic types of compressors in use

Compression is done by the rotary

Double Roller Casing Single Roller

Olham Coupling (DU bearing):

Olham Coupling (DU bearing)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Vapor Compression Refrigeration

To change state of the refrigerant from vapor to

The heat discharge by the condenser is larger

• The cross fin type condenser consist of U

• The spine like aluminum fins are wound

Vapor Compression Refrigeration

Note. The type of refrigerant control used

Vapor Compression Refrigeration

Hand Valve Metering

STRAINER LIQUID CONNECTION

High Side float Valve

Low Side float Valve

DETERMINE THE SUPERHEAT VALUE?

Sensing bulb Free Body Diagram (FBD)

• Too little Superheat:.

• Too much Superheat:.

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