Brain, Biology and

Psychology
Afshan Arzoo
OBJECTIVES:
 In the end of the lecture students will be able
to understand:
 Neuron, neurotransmitters and parts of

nervous system
 Brain structure and its functions and about

cerebral cortex.
 Endocrine system, its function and

relationship to behavior.
 Hereditary, genetics and behavioral genetics

and its relationship to behavior.

The Neuron: Building Block of
Nervous System:
 Neuron a nerve cell.
 Basic unit of NS.
 A specialized cell that transmits neural

impulses or messages to other neurons,

glands, and muscles.
Functions of neuron:
Glial Cells:
Types of Neuron:
Neural Impulse:
 Neural impulse are messages that travel
within neurons.
Action Potential:
Nerve Transmission:
Nervous System:
Whats That?
Basic Division:
Lobes of Brain
Brain Hemispheres:
Broca’s Area:
 Broca's area is located in the lower portion of
the left frontal lobe of the brain.
 It is responsible for the production of words

and speech.
 Aphasia is the loss of the ability to

understand speech or communicate using

language. It can occur when
areas of the brain responsible for language
becomedamaged.
Wernicke's area:
 Wernicke's area is the region of the brain that
is important for language development.
 It is located in the temporal lobe on the left

side of the brain and is responsible for the

comprehension of speech.
 An individual with Wernicke aphasia has

difficulty understanding language

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AREAS:
 Broca's area is the motor speech area and it
helps in movements required to produce
speech. ... This is
called Broca's aphasia. Wernicke's area, which
is located in the parietal and temporal lobe, is
the sensory area. It helps in understanding
speech and using the correct words to
express our thoughts.
Wernicke-Geschwind Model:
 According to this model, Broca’s area stores articulatory
codes, which specify the sequence of muscle actions
required to pronounce a word.
 When these codes are transmitted to the motor area,
they activate the muscles of the lips, tongue, and larynx
in the proper sequence and produce a spoken word.
 For a word to be spoken, Auditory codes must be
activated in wernicke’s area and transmitted to broca’s
area, where it activates the corresponding articulatory
code.
 Articulatory code is transmitted to the motor area to
activate the muscles that produce the spoken word.
Endocrine Glands:
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
 Help coordinate and integrate complex
psychological reactions..
 Endocrine glands secreate hormones into the

blood stream.
 Hormones serve to organize the nervous

system and body.

 Hormones also activate behavior, such as

sexual behavior, hunger and aggression.