Chapter 5-1 The Laws of Motion

Chapter 5
The Laws of Motion
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12
Details and Figures in this presentation are taken from: Halliday, David, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker. Principles
of Physics, 10 th Ed, University Physics by Young and Freedman, 11th Ed, Physics for Scientists and Engineers
by Serway, 5th Ed, Physics for Scientists and engineers by Giancoli 3rd Ed, and many websites like
physicsclassroom.com, HyperPhysics.com & Past exams of PHYCS 101 Department of Physics

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim,at PHYCS
UoB. 101, 1st Semester 2019
What do we mean by Force?
 Force is a pull or push.
 Force may cause motion.
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

Contact vs. Field Forces

Is Force a Vector or Scalar Quantity ?

Force Is a Vector Quantity
 
 
F  Fx i  Fy j , and F  Fx  Fy
2 2
Direction is :  tan 1
F y Fx 
Example Two workers are applying the forces shown in the figure, calculate the net
force.

F  Fx i  Fy j  100i  100 j

and F  Fx2  Fy2  (100) 2  (100) 2  141.4 N
Direction is :  tan 1  Fy Fx   tan 1  100 100   45o

So, A force causes increase in 
So, A force causes decrease in 
 
F a Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019
Newton’s 1st Law : Law of Inertia
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay
in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Newton’s First Law: If no net force acts on a body
the body’s velocity cannot change; that is, the body

http://www.physicsclassroom.com

cannot accelerate.
Newton’s 1st Law

F  0

Newton’s 2nd Law
The presence of an unbalanced force will accelerate an object → changing its speed, its direction, or both its
speed and direction.
 
F  a
 
 F  ma
More than one force applied, then:
 
 F  ma Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019
Example
F = 100 N and F = 100N are applied on a 141.4-kg object, find the magnitude of its acceleration.
1 2
Solution

F  Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj  100iˆ  100 ˆj

 F  Fx2  Fx2

 F  (100) 2  (100) 2  141.4 N
   
Fnet  ma  F  m a

141.4  141.4 a

 a  1m / s 2
Test Problem
If the only forces acting on a 2-kg mass are F = (3i – 8j) N and F = (5i + 3j) N, what is the magnitude of the
1 2
acceleration of the particle?
Solution
a) 1.5 m/s2
  
b) 6.5 m/s2
Fnet  F1  F2   3  5  i   8  3 j
c) 4.7 m/s2

d) 9.4 m/s2 Fnet  8i  5 j
e) 7.2 m/s2
 Fnet  8  (5)  9.43 N 2 2
Fnet  m a  9.43  2 a
 a  4.7 m / s 2

Weight is a Vector Quantity
Mass is the quantity of matter in an
object. It’s a scalar quantity. SI unit is
(kg).
W = ma = mg = 10×m

Tell Me Why?
On the Earth W = mg = On the Moon W = mg =

10×m 1.6×m
Newton’s 2nd Law
Free Fall vs. Air Resistance
Skydiving
Do you think air resistance is good?

Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton’s Third Law: When two bodies
interact, the forces on the bodies from
each other are always equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction. Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019
Why do you feel it?
For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
Newton’s Third Law: When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from
each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Newton’s 3rd Law
Newton’s Third Law:
When two bodies For every action there is an

interact, the forces on equal and opposite reaction
the bodies from each
other are always equal in
magnitude and opposite
in direction.

Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Free Body Diagram

Example
Force in a rope (cord) is called Tension
Free Body Diagram

Example
Free Body Diagram

Normal Force on Horizontal Surface
When a body presses against a surface, the surface deforms and pushes on the body with a
normal force F or N that is perpendicular to the surface.

N
Free Body Diagram

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2019
Normal Force on Vertical Surface

N
F
N
mg
x
Free Body Diagram

Normal Force on Inclined Surface

N
F
N
y
mg sin
mg cos 
mg Free Body Diagram
Friction is useful!
Free Body Diagram
It’s the force of friction

I see..! Do you?

Force of Static Friction
fs  F
fs  F
Force of Kinetic Friction
fk F
fk  F
Forces of Friction
fs  F
f s ,max   s N f k  k N
Force of Kinetic Friction
Maximum Force of Static Friction

Coefficients of Friction

Friction force always opposite to motion direction
F F  f  ma
Free Body Diagram

Test Problem
As illustrated below, a monkey is pushing a 6-kg box of banana on a rough surface having µ = 0.7 and µ = 0.2. What is
s k
the minimum force (in N) the monkey should apply just to set the box in motion?
a) 72 Solution
b) 67
c) 27
d) 59 f
s,max
 F  F  f  ma  F  f s , max  0
e) 42
 F  f s ,max   s N   s mg
F  0.7  60  42 N
Which is easier?
A father slides his
daughter on a sled either
by (a) pushing down on
her shoulders or (b)
pulling up on a rope.

Friction force always opposite to motion direction
F F  f  ma
Free Body Diagram

Extra Examples & Test Problems
Solve them ….. Use your brain
Do not give-up

Inertia ≈ Mass
A common physics demonstration relies on this principle that the more massive
the object, the more it tends to resist changes in its state of motion. The
demonstration goes as follows: several massive books are placed upon the
physics teacher's head. A wooden board is placed on top of the books and a
hammer is used to drive a nail into the board.
Due to the large mass of the books, the force of the hammer is sufficiently resisted (inertia). This is
demonstrated by the fact that the blow of the hammer is not felt by the teacher. A common variation of this
demonstration involves smashing a brick over the teacher's hand using a swift blow of the hammer. The
massive brick resists the force and the hand is not hurt at all. (CAUTION: Do not try this demonstration at
home!)
Newton’s 1st Law: Law of Inertia
If the truck were to abruptly stop and the straps were no longer functioning, then the ladder in
motion would continue in motion. The ladder would slide off the top of the truck and be hurled
into the air. Once it leaves the roof of the truck, it becomes a projectile and continues in
projectile-like motion.

Newton’s 1st Law: Law of Inertia
If the car were to abruptly stop and the seat belts were not being worn, then the passengers in
motion would continue in motion. The passengers would likely be propelled from the car and
be hurled into the air. Once they leave the car, the passengers becomes projectiles and
continue in projectile-like motion.

Quiz Why the pendulum moves backwards when car accelerates forward?
Newton’s 1st Law Law of Inertia

Example
A gun recoils when it is fired. The recoil is the result of action-reaction force pairs. As the gases from the
gunpowder explosion expand, the gun pushes the bullet forwards and the bullet pushes the gun backwards.
The acceleration of the recoiling gun is ...
a. greater than the acceleration of the bullet.
b. smaller than the acceleration of the bullet.
c. the same size as the acceleration of the bullet.
Solution
C…?
Wrong!…hahaha!
www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbassci/phys/class

Example
While driving down the road, an unfortunate bug strikes the windshield of a bus. Quite obviously, this is a case
of Newton's third law of motion. The bug hit the bus and the windshield hit the bug. Which of the two forces is
greater: the force on the bug or the force on the bus?
Solution
Tricky Question! Each force is the same size. For
every action, there is an equal ... (equal!). The fact that
the bug splatters only means that with its smaller
mass, it is less able to withstand the larger
acceleration resulting from the interaction.
www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbassci/phys/class

Example
F = 100 N and F = 100N are applied on a 100-kg object, find the magnitude of its acceleration.
1 2
Solution

 F  Fx i  Fy j

F  (100 cos 30) i  (100  100sin 30) j
 
F  86.7 i  50 j and F  Fx2  Fy2
F  (86.6) 2  (50) 2  100 N

Fnet  ma  100  100 a  a  1 m / s 2
a direction same as Fnet is :
  tan 1  Fy Fx   tan 1  50 86.6   30o
Test Problem
Two forces of magnitudes F = 80 N and F = 60 N, acting on a 25 kg mass in the shown directions. The magnitude of
1 2
the resultant acceleration in m/s2 is:
Solution
(a) 1 
F  Fx i  Fy j
(b) 2
(c) 4 F  (80 cos 37  60 cos 53) i  (80sin 37  60sin 53) j
 
(d) 5  
F  28 i  96 j and F  Fx2  Fy2
(e) 10 F  (28) 2  (96) 2  100 N

 Fnet  ma
100  25 a  a  4 m / s 2
a direction same as Fnet is :
  tan 1  Fy Fx     tan 1  96 28   74o
Test Problem
A box of mass 40 kg is at rest on a horizontal frictionless surface. A constant horizontal force F acts on the box and
accelerates it to the right. The box travels 40 meters in 2 seconds. What is the magnitude of this force (in N)?
a) 200

b) 400
Fnet  m a  Fnet  40 a
c) 600
d) 1 2
 x  0t  at
800
2
1
 40   0  2  a  2   2a
Solution 2
 a  20 m / s 2
 Fnet  800 N  Fnet  800 N

Test Problem
A 1000 kg car initially travelling at 100 km/h stops at a distance of 55 m. Find the magnitude of the net force acting to
stop the car.

Solution
     2ax   0   27.8   2a  55
2 2 2
0
 a  7 m / s 2
 Fnet  7000 N  Fnet  7000 N

Test Problem
A 1000 kg car initially traveling at 20 m/s stops in a distance of 100 m. Find the magnitude of the net force in N acting to
stop the car.
(a) 2000 

(b) 2500
(c) 4000      2ax
2 2
0
(d) 5000
 0   20   2a  100 
2
Solution
 a  2 m / s 2
 Fnet  2000 N  Fnet  2000 N

Test Problem
A bullet with mass of 10-g and a speed of 400 m/s. strikes a fixed big wooden block and penetrates it to a depth d = 20 cm
before coming to rest, as shown in the figure. What is the magnitude of the average frictional force (in N) exerted by the
block on the bullet?
a) 16000 b) 8000 c) 4000 d) 3200 e) 2500
Solution

Fnet  m a  Fnet  10 103 a
  2  02  2ax
 0   400   2a 20 102
2
 
 a  4  105 m / s 2
 Fnet  4000 N  Fnet  4000 N

Chapter 5-1 The Laws of Motion

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Chapter 5-1 The Laws of Motion

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Chapter 5

The Laws of Motion

physicsclassroom.com, HyperPhysics.com & Past exams of PHYCS 101 Department of Physics

 Force is a pull or push.

 Force may cause motion.

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

Direction is :  tan 1  Fy Fx   tan 1  100 100   45o

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

So, A force causes decrease in 

in motion with the same speed and in the same direction

unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton’s First Law: If no net force acts on a body

the body’s velocity cannot change; that is, the body

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

speed and direction.

 Fnet  8  (5)  9.43 N 2 2

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

Mass is the quantity of matter in an

object. It’s a scalar quantity. SI unit is

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

On the Earth W = mg = On the Moon W = mg =

Free Fall vs. Air Resistance

Do you think air resistance is good?

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton’s Third Law: When two bodies

interact, the forces on the bodies from

each other are always equal in magnitude

For every action there is an equal and opposite

each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Newton’s Third Law:

When two bodies For every action there is an

other are always equal in

magnitude and opposite

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st Semester 2019

Force in a rope (cord) is called Tension

Free Body Diagram

Free Body Diagram

normal force F or N that is perpendicular to the surface.

Free Body Diagram

normal force F or N that is perpendicular to the surface.

Free Body Diagram

normal force F or N that is perpendicular to the surface.

Free Body Diagram

It’s the force of friction

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2019

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2019

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2019

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2019

Free Body Diagram

A father slides his

daughter on a sled either

by (a) pushing down on

her shoulders or (b)

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2019

Free Body Diagram