Geometric shapes

Geometric shapes can be defined as figure or area closed by a

boundary which is created by combining the specific amount of curves,
points, and lines. Common examples of shapes we see are circles,
triangles, squares, rectangles, polygons, and many other shapes.
Shapes can also be classified as follows:
Shapes can also be classified as follows:

 Geometric shapes that have the same shape as each other are said to be similar.
 If they also have the same measure as each other, they are said to be congruent.
 Two-dimensional, a shape that has two dimensions – length and width.
 Three-dimensional, a shape that has three dimensions – length, with, and height.
 Geometric shapes that curves outward, like a square or hexagon, are convex.
 Geometric shapes that curves inward, like a star or an arrowhead, are concave
Geometric Design

 Geometric design is based on geometric shapes, often combined

and altered to form beautifully intricate patterns. Even if you only
use a few shapes in your design, there is so many possibilities as to
what you can create.
 The aesthetic appeal and mathematical value of a geometric shape is
usually determined by the symmetries it exhibits. In you first
module, we defined symmetry as agreement in dimensions, due
proportion and arrangement. In addition, symmetry is also a type of
transformation or movement which leaves the shape of a given
figure unchanged.
Transformation

 Transformations involve taking a pre-image and

transforming it in some way to produce a similar or
identical image.
 There are two types of transformations: rigid
transformation or isometries and non-rigid
transformation.
Types of Transformation

1. Rigid Transformation or Isometries, does not change the shape or

size of the pre-image. Transformations of these types fall into four
categories: translation, rotation, reflection, and glide reflection.
Types of Transformation
1. Rigid Transformation

a. Translation
 Moving a pre-image in space without changing its size, shape, or form.
 It is performed by identifying the length and direction (called translation vector).
The pre-image is then translated according to the vector.

Translation Vector
Types of Transformation
1. Rigid Transformation

b. Rotation
 It is rotating a pre-image about a fixed point without changing its size, shape.
 It is performed by identifying the center of rotation, as well as the amount of
rotation (angular measure).

center of rotation
Types of Transformation
1. Rigid Transformation

c. Reflection
 Flipping a pre-image across a line without changing its size or shape.
 It is performed by moving a pre-image into a new position such that the resulting image is
a mirror image with respect to a line called line of symmetry (horizontal line, vertical line,
and arbitrary slant line of symmetry)

Line of symmetry

Line of symmetry

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Types of Transformation
1. Rigid Transformation
d. Glide Reflection
 Combines translation and reflection.
 It must be determined by the line of symmetry and the translation vector.
 Note that the line of symmetry and the translation vector must be parallel.
 The order by which the reflection and translation are performed does not matter.

Translation vector

Line of symmetry
Types of Transformation

2. Non-Rigid Transformation, which will change the size

but not the shape of the pre-image.
a. Dilation or Resizing
 It is expanding or narrowing a pre-image without changing its shape or
location.
 The shape becomes bigger or smaller. It’s just like zooming in or out the
image.