INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON BUILDING

MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY, EVOLUTION OF NEW
BUILDING TYPES AND INCREASING USER REQUIREMENTS.
 INTRODUCTION
 The swift development of architectural technique and
form in this century has roots that go as far back as the 18th
century. And continued till 19th century.
 This is the period where fundamental changes were made
in agriculture, manufacturing , transportation and housing
were made.
 The Industrial Revolution first started in England and then
it rapidly spread to the other parts of world like U.S.A and
Europe
 Earlier the building materials were restricted to few man-
made materials along with some natural materials like Natural materials : Mud, stone, sand, wood, lime,
asbestos and leaves.
timber , stone ,lime mortar, concrete etc. Metals were not
 Man-made materials: Cement, brick, tiles, metal,
available in plenty and were mostly used for ornamentation. glass and plastic.
THE MAJOR INVENTIONS WHICH CHANGED THE ENTIRE SCENERIO DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION ARE :-
1. Use of steam for power generation.
2. Various improvements in the textile industry, spinning , weaving machine and power loom.
3. Use of Coke for smelting the iron.
The use of iron was known to the pre historical time. but it was surprisingly known earlier in pre historical times
still Greeks and Romans preferred bronze. bronze became a resistance duty weather conditions.

STEAM ENGINE
invented by James Watt in
1785, whose proliferation
into newly built machine
shop and iron foundries
engendered an appropriate
type of building.
STEAM ENGINE TO POWER GENERATION
 Steam engines allowed businesses to transport products quickly and easily, leading to increased profit. The
steam engine was also used in manufacturing and machinery, meaning that factories no longer needed to rely on
water mills or be located near rivers for energy. 
 Obviously the steam engine would help with travel and transportation in great ways, allowing goods and
resources to be transported in large quantities to different areas so that production could be undertaken, however
it did so much more than that.

Steam locomotive
• A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive
 that produces its pulling power through a 
steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by
burning combustible material – usually coal, wood,
or oil – to produce steam in a boiler.
VARIOUS IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY, SPINNING ,
WEAVING MACHINE AND POWER LOOM.
 Before the 18th century, the manufacture of cloth was performed by individual workers, in the premises in which they lived and
goods were transported around the country by packhorses or by river navigations and contour-following canals that had been
constructed in the early 18th century. In the mid-18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. Silk, 
wool, and linen fabrics were being eclipsed by cotton which became the most important textile.
The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of
weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 or 1765 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill,
Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England.
A significant invention of the Industrial Revolution was the power
loom.  The first power loom was developed by Edmund Cartwright in
1784 and completed in 1785.  Edmund Cartwright was an English
inventor and is remembered today for inventing the power loom along
with other devices important to the textile industry in England.  A loom
is a device that is used to weave together threads in order to produce a
fabric.  Traditional handlooms were slow and required several laborers
to operate.  Cartwright’s invention of the power loom was significant
because it used mechanization to automate much of the weaving process.
After seeing the spinning machines Cartwright thought that he could
make something similar for weaving and so was inspired to create a Model of spinning jenny in the
Museum of Early Industrialisation, 
machine called the power loom.  He began working on the designs of the Wuppertal, Germany
machine in 1784 and fully built it in 1785. Many people thought that
Cartwright would not be able to make a machine that was able to weave Edmund Cartwright’s
automatically, but he did. The first machine he made was simplistic, but Power Loom
 USE OF COKE FOR SMELTING THE IRON
 Up to 1709, furnaces could only use charcoal to produce iron. However, wood
(which is what charcoal is made from) was becoming more expensive, as forests
were being cleared for farmland and timber.
 Coal was a possible alternative to wood, but although it was cheap and plentiful, it
wasn't a feasible fuel for making iron, because it contained sulphur, and this made
the iron too brittle to be of any use.
 However, in 1709, a man called Abraham Darby finally succeeded in smelting
iron using coke (see list of terms below) as fuel, and he bought all his workers
beer, in celebration of his discovery.
 This technological achievement allowed a major expansion of the iron trade, and
ultimately it helped lead to the Industrial Revolution. In the space of 40 years, the
small village of Coalbrookdale, in Shropshire, where Darby made his discovery,
became a major mining site, employing about 500 people.
 After 1709, Coalbrookdale saw other achievements, such as the first cast-iron
bridge - built over the River Severn - and the first cast-iron framed building - built
in Shrewsbury.
PIG IRON CAST IRON WROUGHT IRON STEEL
COKE
 EARLY IRON CONSTRUCTION IN ENGLAND
 1709 – ABRAHAM DARBY LEASED AN OLD FURNANCE IN COALBROKDALE
 1747 – SMELTING OF IRON WITH COKE WAS DONE
 1750 - USE OF COAL TO CONVERT PIG IRON TO BAR IRON (MASS PRODUCTION OF IRON WAS
MADE POSSIBLE)
 1755 - MATTHEW GRISWOLD USED CASTMIRON UTENSILS FOR FIRST TIME.
 1767 – FIRST IRON RAILS WERE CAST

SMELTING OF IRON WITH COKE WAS

 1775- 79 – (SEVERN BRIDGE )
 This was the very first iron Bridge constructed by John Wilkinson and Abraham Darby – III.
 Single arch with a total span of Hundred feet 6 inches
Raise of arch was 45’, 5 cast iron ribs were used.
This Bridge was constructed by Thomas Farnolls Pritchard
 Constructed with Cast Iron.
 Its success inspired the widespread use of cast iron as a structural material, and today the bridge is celebrated as a
symbol of the Industrial Revolution.
 The geography of the deep Ironbridge Gorge, formed by glacial action during the last ice age, meant that there are
industrially useful deposits of coal, iron ore, limestone and fire clay present near the surface where they are readily
mined, but also that it was difficult to build a bridge across the river at this location. To cope with the instability of
the banks and the need to maintain a navigable channel in the river, a single span iron bridge was proposed by 
Thomas Farnolls Pritchard.
Decorative rings and ogees between the structural ribs of the bridge suggest that the final design was Pritchard’s.
 1780 - CAST IRON COLUMN
 The first structural material to be used in the building was the cast iron column.
 In 1780’s the cast iron column replace the wooden column posts , the cast iron columns
were very firstly used in the cotton mills .
 Earlier when the wooden posts were used only used in the space like house with the
newly invented spinning machine.
 Later on cast iron trusses were used and their left in a space formation later cast iron
Columns were insatalled were machinery used in all floors.
 The first of these buildings to display the use of cast iron as a building material was a The Paul-Wyatt mills
cotton mill erected in 1801 in Manchester.
This mill was the first successful display of cast iron beams as structural units. Boulton
and Watt designed these beams, and they reflect the absolute skill of the designer,
considering the somewhat limited knowledge of the material at the time.
The mill was 140 feet long, 42 feet wide, and seven stories high. The width of the building
was divided into three bays, each of 14-foot span, by two rows of cast iron stanchions at 9-
foot intervals, the floor being carried on inverted T type cast iron beams 14 feet long.
 The Commissioner's House of the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda designed by 
Edward Holl and built in the 1820s, is considered to be the first residence that used cast
iron structure, for the verandahs, and floor and roof framing, and also showed the
usefulness of cast-iron as a structure that could be prefabricated and safely shipped
anywhere in the world.
 IRON USED AS ROOFING MATERIAL IN 1786
 earlier the roofs were made out of timber which were most irresistible to the fire
 in 1786 theatre builder Victor Louis used wrought iron roof of theatre Francis in Paris .
the roofing were done in such a way that it reduce the thickness of the wall supporting it.
 The connections between the tie beam and the arch as well as those between the arch and the rafters are
variations of the same principle: wrought iron fasteners envelop the horizontal and the vertical element, and are
fixed with a sort of rivet.
 The connections are welded and the hammering on the rivets is obvious on the material’s surface. On the top
part of the roof, the rafters are connected with the king post with two iron plates and bolts.
 1793-96 (SUNDERLAND BRIDGE)
 The second most important cast iron bridge to be built in Britain
 This Bridge has more than twice the span of severen Bridge but was only three fourth of its height.
 Six iron ribs were used each rib with 105 panels
 single arch span with 236’
 Constructed by Thomas Paine
 In 1805 the bridge had to be repaired after heat from the
sun caused some of the cross tubes to fall out.
 1801 COTTON MILL OF PHILIP AND LEE
one of the first buildings were cast iron was used in the construction of a building was
the Cotton mill by Philip and Lee.
This is built at Salford ,Manchester in 1801
This building has iron columns and beams used for the whole intercepts forms of the
buildings ,this piece of work was done by boulton and watt
The first phase of mills in Manchester such as Garratt Mill (1760), Holt's Mills,
Meredith's Factory (1760), Gaythorn Mill (1788), Wood Mill (1788) and Knott Mill
(1792) were water-powered, taking their power from the River Medlock.
 Salvin's ran a room and power mill (1780) on the Shooters Brook in Ancoats, and here
the partnership of Sandford, McConnel and Kennedy was formed. Salvin's factory failed
to get enough power from Shooters Brook, so he improved the head of water with a 
Savery type steam pump.
In 1793 John Kennedy directly connected a spinning mule to a steam engine. On 2
March 1795 the partnership was terminated, McConnel and Kennedy moved to other
premises in Derby Street. Kennedy manufactured and sold spinning mules until 1801.
The next phase of mills was powered by Boulton and Watt double-acting beam engines.
Area 140’ X 42 ‘ first time ever iron column iron beams were used 7 story structure
I section beams were used and the building from wall to wall at regular interval .
Roofs and floors were made out of bricks which were leveled by the layer of concrete .
Cast iron hollow columns with 9 inches external diameter were use
 1811 - CUPOLA MADE OUT OF IRON
 In 1802 the wooden Cupola of granary at Paris was destroyed in fire this was replaced by a Cupola made out of
iron and copper this was one of the first buildings where the architect (Bellenge) and the engineer (Brunet )where
to different persons.

1824 - SUSPENSION BRIDGE

 Marc seguin constructed the first ever wire cable suspension
bridge over river Rhone near Journen .
 The idea for this was taken from the North American
suspension bridge but here instead of hemp or raw hide ropes
seguin used wire cable.
 The main forces in a suspension bridge of
any type are tension in the cables and compression in the
pillars.
 Since almost all the force on the pillars is vertically
downwards and they are also stabilized by the main cables, the
pillars can be made quite slender. 
 The weight is transferred by the cables to the towers, which in
turn transfer the weight to the ground. With a suspension
bridge, longer main spans are achievable than with any
other type of bridge.
 1829 TO 31 COMBINATION OF IRON AND GLASS
 Friedrich used wrought iron to construct the glass roof of “gallery Of Orleans”, part of Palais Royal in Paris this
was mainly a Gallery space .
 In 1833 Renault made the first large structure consisting of iron Framework with glass Panes this was done for a
French conservatory . the house with view of garden at Paris.
SKELETON CONSTRUCTION
 Though the first true skeleton Construction was done by Jules Saulnier, got the Idea about this which was
given by James Bogardus
 James Bogardus had erected a 5 storey structure in New York in 1848 .The idea was mainly the substitution of
Iron column for the outer masonry walls as means of support for Entire Building.
 The first known skeleton building was construction was the MENIER CHOCOLATE COMP. Building in
Noisel ,France by JULES SAULNIER in the year 1871-82 there the outer masonry walls were reduced to work
simply as curtain walls.
 The wall surface was made out of diagonal stiffener which resembeled the Wooden Construction .
 When Buffington invented the sky scrapers , he also said about the skeleton Construction but his Ideas were
different from the method adopted by Jules Saulnier
The Mill at Noisel by Jules Saulnier was mainly an iron frames clothed in masonry where as in Buffington’s
method .The outer walls were supported by wrought Iron girders .

Wrought iron girder IRON STIFFENER

 ELEVATOR
 James bogardus was first person who had propose to install a mechanism for harvesting observed to the top of the central
Tower of the building for New York world fair in the year 1853 he was the first person to propose the first passenger elevator.
 the first satisfactory and safe elevator was the work of Elish Otis of New York the first demonstration of the elevator was
given at the Crystal Palace exposition in New York in year 1853
first passenger elevator was installed by otis in Departmental Store in New York in 1857
 first European elevator was installed in great exhibition Paris 1867 in 1889 Eiffel Tower was constructed constructed there a
total accent to a height of thousand feet 7 minutes by the elevator 2350 passenger could be transported every hour.
 THE GREAT EXIBITION
 Due to industrial revolution many people All Around The World were working hard to invent new machines needs
a common platform where needed where the new discoveries inventions could be displayed side by side and then
from there comparison and adoption work could be done this was the main goal of the exhibition
 two periods of exhibitions
1. one starts in 1798 with the first industrial exhibition and ends with this exhibition in 1849 exhibition
2. second half of 19th century this mainly highlights the principle of free trade
 Exhibition buildings were mainly plant for Rapid direction and discriminating these buildings these buildings
were erected with the help of prefabricated iron plate parts many experiments were done with the pudding which
were built temporary relief for the great exhibition.
 CRYSTAL PALACE
 It is Queen Victoria’s husband Albert who is normally credited with being the driving force behind the Great
Exhibition of 1851, but it appears that just as much praise for organising this remarkable event should also be
bestowed upon one Henry Cole.
This exhibition was conducted to exibit products which will encourage people with all classes explore and buy
products from all countries.k
Henry’s major passions appear to have been industry and the arts, and he combined both of these as editor of
the Journal of Design. The journal encouraged artists to apply their designs to everyday articles which could then
be mass-produced and sold to the great unwashed.
 It took around 5,000 navvies to erect the 1,850 feet (564 m) long, 108 feet (33 m) high structure. But the work
was completed on time and the Great Exhibition was opened by Queen Victoria on 1st May 1851.
 The exhibits included almost every marvel of the Victorian age, including pottery, porcelain, ironwork, furniture,
perfumes, pianos, firearms, fabrics, steam hammers, hydraulic presses and even the odd house or two.
 Already a famous gardener at the time, Paxton experimented extensively with glasshouse construction. Using
combinations of prefabricated cast iron, laminated wood, and standard sized glass sheets, Paxton created the
“ridge-and-furrow” roof design. In 1836 this system was used for the first time in the “Great Stove” - the largest
glass building at the time.
Great Stove
 Paxton’ design was based on a 10in x 49in module, the size of the largest glass sheet available at the time. The
modular system consisted of right-angled triangles, mirrored and multiplied, supported by a grid of cast iron
beams and pillars. These basic units were extremely light and strong and were extended to an incredible length of
564 meters. The design was also influenced by Paxton’s passion for biomimicry; he drew inspiration from the
giant leaves of the Victoria Amazonica waterlily. 
 The Design of the Eiffel Tower
The plan to build a tower 300 metres high was conceived as part of preparations for the World's Fair of 1889.
 The wager was to "study the possibility of erecting an iron tower on the Champ-de-Mars with a square base, 125
metres across and 300 metres tall". Selected from among 107 projects, it was that of Gustave Eiffel, an
entrepreneur, Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, both engineers, and Stephen Sauvestre, an architect, that
was accepted.
 Emile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin, the two chief engineers in Eiffel's company, had the idea for a very tall
tower in June 1884. It was to be designed like a large pylon with four columns of lattice work girders, separated
at the base and coming together at the top, and joined to each other by more metal girders at regular intervals.
 The tower project was a bold extension of this principle up to a height of 300 metres - equivalent to the
symbolic figure of 1000 feet. On September 18 1884 Eiffel registered a patent "for a new configuration allowing
the construction of metal supports and pylons capable of exceeding a height of 300 metres".
 In order to make the project more acceptable to public opinion, Nouguier and Koechlin commissioned the
architect Stephen Sauvestre to work on the project's appearance.
The construction
The assembly of the supports began on July 1, 1887 and was
completed twenty-two months later.
All the elements were prepared in Eiffel’s factory located at
Levallois-Perret on the outskirts of Paris. Each of the 18,000
pieces used to construct the Tower were specifically designed
and calculated, traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a
millimetre and then put together forming new pieces around
five metres each. A team of constructors, who had worked on
the great metal viaduct projects, were responsible for the 150
to 300 workers on site assembling this gigantic erector set.
Sauvestre proposed stonework
pedestals to dress the
legs, monumental arches to link the
columns and the first level,
large glass-walled halls on each
level, a bulb-shaped design for the
top and various other ornamental
features to decorate the whole of
the structure. In the end the project
was simplified, but certain
elements such as the large arches at
the base were retained, which in
part give it its very characteristic
appearance.
The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The
top level's upper platform is 276 m (906 ft) above the ground – the highest observation deck
 accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs
or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over
300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second. Although there is a staircase to
the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift.
The puddled iron (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons and the addition of
lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons .As a
demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were
melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres (410 ft) on each side, to a depth of
only 6.25 cm (2.46 in) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic
metreAdditionally, a cubic box surrounding the tower (324 m x 125 m x 125 m) would
contain 6,200 tons of air, weighing almost as much as the iron itself. Depending on the
ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm
(7 in) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun
 SKETCHES MUST BE DONE ….

SEVERN BRIDGE

CRYSTAL PALACE -3 SKETCHES

Great Stove- 1 sketch
EIFEL TOWER – 2 SKETCH

SUSPENSION BRIDGE