KOMPONEN MATERI GENETIK

DINA MULYANTI 1
 PENDAHULUAN
• ORGANISME HIDUP ORGAN  JARINGAN  SEL
• PENYUSUN MATERI GENETIK DALAM SEL  ASAM
NUKLEAT
• ASAM NUKLEAT
– Suatu makromolekul berupa polimer yang tersusun dari
monomer-monomer berupa NUKLEOTIDA yang saling
berikatan membentuk rantai ikatan fosfodiester
– Terdiri dari DNA dan RNA

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 NUKLEOTIDA
• Terdiri dari 3 komponen yang bersama-sama
membentuk ikatan kovalen
• Ketiga komponen tersebut adalah:
– Basa nitrogen
• Pirimidin (1 siklik)
• Purin (2 siklik)
– Gula
• Ribosa
• Deoksiribosa
– Fosfat
https://mla-lima.wikispaces.com/Basic+Biochemistry

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 NUKLEOTIDA
• FUNGSI
– Penyimpanan data genetik, sebagai bagian dari
DNA dan RNA
– Perubahan energi dari ATP
– Komunikasi selular
– Katalis ko-enzim

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 NUKLEOSIDA
• Terdiri dari basa nitrogen yang berikatan secara kovalen dengan gugus
gula dan TIDAK berikatan dengan gugus fosfat
• Analog nukleosida biasa digunakan sebagai antiviral atau senyawa
antikanker (co: cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and
inosine)

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http://www.diffen.com/difference/Nucleoside_vs_Nucleotide
 DNA & RNA

https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/nucacids.htm

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 DNA
Stands for DeoxyriboNucleicAcid
A nucleic acid that contains the genetic
instructions used in the development and
functioning of all modern living organisms
Definition
(scientists believe that RNA may have
been the main genetic material in
primitive life forms).
Medium of long-term storage and
Function
transmission of genetic information
The helix geometry of DNA is of B-Form.
Unique DNA is protected in the nucleus, as it is
Features tightly packed. DNA can be damaged by
exposure to ultra-violet rays.
RNA
RiboNucleicAcid
A single-stranded chain of alternating
phosphate and ribose units with the
bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and
Uracil bonded to the ribose. RNA
molecules are involved in protein
synthesis and sometimes in the
transmission of genetic information.
Transfer the genetic code needed for
the creation of proteins from the
nucleus to the ribosome.
The helix geometry of RNA is of A-
Form. RNA strands are continually
made, broken down and reused. RNA
is more resistant to damage by Ultra-
violet rays.
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 A single-stranded molecule in most of
Predominant Double- stranded molecule with a
its biological roles and has a shorter
Structure long chain of nucleotides chain of nucleotides

Deoxyribose sugar; phosphate Ribose sugar; phosphate backbone. Four

Bases & Sugars backbone; Four bases: adenine, bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
guanine, cytosine and thymine uracil

A-T(Adenine-Thymine), G-C(Guanine- A-U(Adenine-Uracil), G-C(Guanine-

Pairing of Bases Cytosine) Cytosine)

Deoxyribose sugar in DNA is less Ribose sugar is more reactive because of

reactive because of C-H bonds. Stable C-OH (hydroxyl) bonds. Not stable in
Stability in alkaline conditions. DNA has alkaline conditions. RNA has larger
smaller grooves, which makes it grooves, which makes it easier to be
harder for enzymes to "attack" DNA. attacked by enzymes.

RNA is synthesized from DNA when

Propagation DNA is self-replicating.
needed.

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 FAQ
• Apakah ada RNA untai ganda?
• Apakah bisa terbentuk hybrid
DNA-RNA?
• Apakah dengan memahami
konsep “pasangan basa”
memiliki relevansi dengan
bidang bioteknologi? This simple chemistry is at the heart of
nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase
chain reaction, antisense technology,
mutagenesis, and many other of the
techniques commonly applied in
biotechnology labs. 10
 PROTEIN

• Makromolekul yang terdiri dari satu atau lebih

rantai asam amino
• Terdapat 20 asam amino sehingga kemudian setiap
asam amino direpresentasikan dalam bentuk abjad
• Co: Insulin
MALWMRLLPL LALLALWGPD PAAAFVNQHL
CGSHLVEALY LVCGERGFFY TPKTRREAED
LQVGQVELGG GPGAGSLQPL ALEGSLQKRG
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 Fungsi Protein
• Metabolism — proteins mediate chemical reactions that use oxygen to burn food
for energy. These pathways are complex but well studied. The related links show
maps of thousands of proteins in the metabolic pathways.
• Signaling — hormones are proteins that signal between cells usually in the blood.
Proteins also send signal from one nerve cell to another. Signaling pathways,
however, are usually interactions among proteins within a cell.
• Regulation — proteins called enzymes control chemical reactions in cells. Proteins
also form gateways in cellular membranes to control what passes into or out of a
cell.
• Cellular structure — proteins define cell shape and form.
• Transportation — proteins move oxygen, sugar, nutrients and wastes into and
around cells. They also move other proteins from where they are made to where
they are used.
• Movement - proteins contract muscles and move cells.
• DNA Transcription — proteins turn genes on and off.
• Immune System Functions - special proteins identify germs and other foreign
substances and mark them for destruction.
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• Struktur Protein
-Primer
-Sekunder
-Tertier
-Kuarterner

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 Genotipe VS Fenotipe
• Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of a
cell

• Phenotype refers to a trait that can be

observed, such as morphology or behavior.

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 Quiz
• Silakan kerjakan quiz di laman e-kuliah
masing-masing

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TERIMA KASIH

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