Advances in

Concrete
Technology
M.Tech Induction Program (2021-22)
Content

 Performance of Concrete Structures

 Conventional Concrete

 Advances in Concrete Technology

 Materials

 Engineered Concrete

 Performance Based mix design approach

 Non Destructive Testing

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Performance of Concrete Structures

Material Workmanship

Design Repair &

Maintenance
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Conventional Concrete - Materials

Aggregate Cement Water Additives

Chemical &
Natural Stones OPC & PPC Mineral
Admixtures

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Conventional Concrete - Limitations
 Lower Flexural Strength

 Quasi-brittle failure

 Heavy dead weight

 Lower specific strength

 Formwork is required

 Long Curing time

 Temperature susceptible

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Advances in Concrete Technology - Materials

Aggregate Cement Water Additives

Natural Stones OPC & PPC Chemical & Mineral Admixtures

Artificial Stones Engineered Cement Performance Enhancers

Industrial Waste Pozzolans

Fibres
Demolition Waste
Industrial Waste

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Advances in Concrete Technology - Materials
 Engineered Cement

Quick Setting Cement

Expansive Cement Low heat Cement

Super Sulphate Cement White Cement

Hydrophobic Cement

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Advances in Concrete Technology - Materials
 Engineered Cement

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Advances in Concrete Technology - Materials
 Variety of Aggregates

Natural Stone

Artificial Stone

Industrial Waste
(Ceramic Waste, Marble Waste, etc)

Recycled Aggregate
(Demolition Waste)
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Advances in Concrete Technology - Materials
 Additives

Chemical Mineral
Fibres Nano Additives
Admixtures Admixtures

Water Reducers Fly Ash Steel Nano Silica

Air Entraining Silica Fume Polypropylene Graphene
Shrinkage reducers GGBS Glass Nano Alumina
Corrosion-Inhibitors Metakaolin Asbestos Nano TiO2
Ceramic Waste Jute
RHA Coir
Sugarcane Bagasse

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Engineered Concrete

“Concrete which meets special performance that cannot always be

achieved by using only conventional materials and normal
production processes.”

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Engineered Concrete

Ultra High Performance

Concrete Geopolymer Concrete Photocatalytic Concrete

Precast Concrete Self Healing Concrete Bendable Concrete

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Ultra High Performance Concrete
 Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a cementitious, concrete material that has a
minimum specified compressive strength of 120 MPa with specified durability, tensile ductility
and toughness requirements; fibers are generally included in the mixture to achieve specified
requirements.
 The material is typically formulated by combining Portland cement, supplementary cementitious
materials, reactive powders, limestone and or quartz flour, fine sand, high-range water reducers,
and water.

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Ultra High Performance Concrete
 First Use of Ultra-High Performance Concrete for an Innovative Train Station Canopy.
 The Shawnessy Light Rail Transit (LRT) Station, constructed during fall 2003 and winter 2004,
forms part of a southern expansion to Calgary’s LRT system and is the world's first LRT system to
be constructed with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC).
 The station's 24 thin-shelled canopies, 16.7 feet by 19.7 feet, and just 0.79 inch thick, supported
on single columns.

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Precast Concrete
 Precast concrete is a form of concrete that is
prepared, cast and cured off-site, usually in a
controlled factory environment, using reusable
moulds. Precast concrete elements can be joined
to other elements to form a complete structure.
 It is typically used for structural components such
as; wall panels, beams, columns, floors, staircases,
pipes, tunnels, and so on.

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Precast Concrete

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Geopolymer Concrete
 Natural materials like Meta kaolinite or industrial by-products like fly ash or slag are a source of
silicon (Si) and aluminium (Al). These Silicon and Aluminium is dissolved in an alkaline activating
solution (AAS) and subsequently polymerizes into molecular chains and become the binder. This
binders are known as Geopolymers. If aggregates of required sizes mixed with these ingredients
and cured properly, a concrete material can be formed which is called as Geopolymer concrete.

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Geopolymer Concrete

Properties of Geopolymer Concrete:

 Geopolymers have higher mechanical properties compared to conventional concrete
 Carbon dioxide emission in geopolymers is lower than those of OPC
 Impermeable so better durability
 Higher resistance to heat

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Geopolymer Concrete

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Geopolymer Concrete
 NTPC Limited, the largest power utility, has taken several initiatives to make the environment
clean and green. Team NTPC Ramagundam (Telangana) Project in association with NETRA (NTPC
Energy Technology Research Alliance) has demonstrated the use of fly ash based Geopolymer
concrete for the construction of the road.
 The Geopolymer road, constructed inside the Telangana Project, provides an approach to CHP
area.

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Self Healing Concrete
 Self-healing concrete is mostly defined as the ability of concrete to repair its cracks
autogenously or autonomously. It is also called self-repairing concrete.
 Durability of concrete is impaired by micro cracks since they provide an easy path for the
transportation of liquids and gases that potentially contain harmful substances.
 If microcracks grow and reach the reinforcement, not only the concrete itself may be attacked,
but also the reinforcement steel bars will be corroded. Therefore, it is important to control the
crack width and to heal the cracks as soon as possible.
 Self-healing of cracks in concrete would contribute to a longer service life of concrete structures
and would make the material not only more durable but also more sustainable.
 Self-healing is actually an old and well-known phenomenon for concrete as it possesses some
natural autogenous healing properties.
 Due to ongoing hydration of clinker minerals or carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2),
cracks may heal after some time. However, autogenous healing is limited to small cracks and is
only effective when water
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Self Healing Concrete
 It is made with mixing healing bacteria in it that will biologically produce limestone to heal
cracks that appear on the surface of concrete structures.
 Only some selected type of bacteria can produce healing limestone like genus Bacillus, along
with a calcium-based nutrient known as calcium lactate, and nitrogen and phosphorus, are
mixed with concrete ingredients while making concrete. These select types of bacteria can be
alive in concrete for more than 200 years.
 When self healing concrete element damage or crack and water start seeping through it, the
bacteria spores are activated on contact with water and nutrients.
 These activated bacteria start to feed on the calcium lactate available in concrete. As bacteria
consume oxygen and the soluble calcium lactate is converted to insoluble limestone.
 The limestone gets solidified as come in contact with the atmosphere, thereby sealing it up. It
represents the same process in which fracture in the human body is naturally healed by
osteoblast cells that mineralize to re-form the bone.

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Self Healing Concrete

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Photocatalytic Concrete
 Photocatalytic concrete has the capability to realize air depollution, self-cleaning, and self-
disinfecting. It is fabricated by adding photocatalyst into conventional concrete, and the most
appropriate photocatalyst to fabricate photocatalytic concrete is TiO2.

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Photocatalytic Concrete

(Rome) (Japan)

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Bendable Concrete
 A flexible or bendable concrete is an engineered cementitious composite (ECC) that exhibits the
property of ductile material unlike the brittle nature of conventional concrete.
 The material composition of conventional concrete is altered in order to impart flexible nature
in concrete.
 It was developed by Prof. Victor Li at the University of Michigan.

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Bendable Concrete
Applications:
 In the construction of the joint less bridges.
 In Earthquake resistant structures.
 In flexible concrete roads and bridges there is no need of joint as the ECC itself has the ability to
change its shape.
 ECC overlays can be used over cracked concrete surfaces.

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Performance Based Mix Design Approach
 Most of the guidelines around the world for mixture design are primarily based on strength
(F(W/C)).

 Requirements of durability are usually covered by codes in terms of minimum and maximum w/c
and cement contents.

 The issue of use of admixtures and its effect on mixture design are not directly addressed in most
guidelines.

 Misconception on concrete mix proportioning:

 Increasing Cement Content Increases Concrete Strength

 Strength Correlates with Durability

 Supplementary Cementitious Materials Dilute Concrete Properties

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Performance Based Mix Design Approach
 New Approach:

 Mix proportioning of concrete should be done by targeting all three performance parameters:
Strength, Workability, Durability.

 Some of the advanced method:

 Numerical Modelling method

 Based on performance tests and indicators

 Particle density method

 Machine learning method

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Performance Based Mix Design Approach
 Typical Steps:

1. Target parameters

2. Selection of the Aggregate System (Choosing the Size and Shape of Aggregates, Combined
Aggregate Gradation, Voids in the Selected Aggregate System)

3. Selection of the Paste System (Required Paste System for Desired Workability, Required Paste
System for Setting Time, Required Paste System for Compressive Strength, Required Paste System
for Chloride Penetration Resistance, Required Paste System for Air Permeability Resistance)

4. Selection of the Paste Volume (Vpaste/Vvoids > 1)

5. Checking target parameters

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Performance Based Mix Design Approach
Ingredients (kg/m3) Mix A Mix B
Standard Sand (G-1) 541 341
Standard Sand (G-2) 541 341
Standard Sand (G-3) 541 341
Crushed Sand
- 341
(Correction)
Cement (OPC) 541 541
Quartz Powder (Inert - 150
filler)
Micro silica - 60
Water 216 216
SP (PCE) 2 4
W/C 0.40 0.40
W/P 0.40 0.29
Flow (Spread) % 60 60

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Performance Based Mix Design Approach

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete

“Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a testing and analysis technique to

evaluate the properties of a material, component, or structure
without causing damage to the original part.”

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete

Acoustic

Sensors NDT Optical

Electromagnetic Radiography

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete
Methods of NDT on concrete:

• Rebound hammer method

• Pull out test method

• Ultrasonic pulse velocity method

• Ground Penetrating Radars

• Resistivity Testing

• Wireless sensors

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete – Rebound Hammer
Method

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete – Pull out Test

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete – UPV Test

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete – Ground Penetration
Radar

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete – Resistivity Testing

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete – Wireless Sensors

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Non Destructive Testing of Concrete – Wireless Sensors

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Keep Yourself Updated
• http://www.theconcreteportal.com/

• https://www.cement.org/

• https://www.indianconcreteinstitute.org/

• https://www.icjonline.com/

• https://www.worldofconcrete.com/en/attendee.html

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cement-and-concrete-research

• https://ijcsm.springeropen.com/

Thank You!! 43