PE 3

Fundamental of
Games and Sports

RUNNING EVENTS
ATHLETICS:
Running Events
1. Short Distance or Sprints

A sprint is a short running race. In a track and field

competition there are generally three different sprint distances:
100m, 200m, and 400m. The original Olympic event, the
stadium race, was a sprint of around 180m.
A sprint race starts out with the runners in starting blocks in
their lane. The official will say "on your marks". At this point
the racer should be focused on the track, have their feet placed in
the blocks, fingers on the ground behind the starting line, hands
slightly wider than shoulder width, muscles relaxed. Next the
official will say "Set". At this point the runner should get their
hips slightly above shoulder level, feet pushed hard into the
blocks, holding their breath and ready to race. Then there is the
bang and the race has started. The runner should exhale and run
out of the blocks not jumping. The initial part of the race the
runner is accelerating to top speed. Once top speed is achieved
then endurance kicks in as the runner tries to maintain that speed
for the rest of the sprint.
Sprinters should remain relaxed while running and move their
arms in a straight back and forth motion. They should be
focused on their lane and the track at the start and the finish line
for the last half of the race or so.
2. Middle Distance

The middle distance races are the 800m, the

1500m, and the 1 mile long runs. These races
require different skills and tactics to win that the
sprints. They rely more on endurance and pacing
than just pure speed. Also, the runners don't stay in
a single lane for the entire race. They start out in
staggered lanes, to make the distance the same for
each runner, but the race soon becomes open with
no lanes and the runners must to pass around each
other to gain the lead.
3. Long Distance
There are three main long distance races:
the 3000m, the 5000m, and the 10,000m
races. These races are similar to the middle
distance races, but the emphasis is even
more on correct pacing and endurance.
4. Hurdles
hurdles race is one in which obstacles are
placed at intervals along the track that the
runners must jump over on their way the finish
line. Typical hurdle races are the 100m and
400m for women and 110m and 400m for men.
Timing, footwork, and technique are key in
wining hurdles events. Of course you still need
to be fast, but jumping the hurdles in stride
without much slowing down is how to win in the
hurdles.
5. Relays

Relay races are where teams of runners

compete against each other. There are
typically 4 runners and 4 legs to the
race. The first runner starts with the
baton and runs the first leg handing off
to the second runner. The hand off must
typically take place within a given area
of the track. The second then hands off
to the third and the third to the fourth.
The fourth runner runs the final, or
anchor, leg to the finish line. Common
relay races are the 4x100m and the
4x400m.
Running Events
• From the firing of the starter’s gun to
breasting the finishing tape, an
athlete is expected to adhere strictly
to some basic rules like he/she must
always start behind the start line and
must remain in lane throughout the
race.
• Jumping the gun can lead to
disqualification from the game.
Running before the starter’s gun is
fired is declared as a “false start” and
can eventually lead to
disqualification, if the runner faults
twice. Sometimes, athletes are
warned before being disqualified.
• If a runner tries to impede a
fellow athlete’s progress by
blocking, shoving or interfering
to gain unfair advantage,
he/she is disqualified from the
game.
• A runner must always wear
sneakers or athletic shoes
during the game.
• In shorter events such as in
800 meter race, athletes
should stay inside the lane. In
longer events, they are allowed
to move to the innermost lanes
with a condition that they
should not touch the other
participants.
SPRINTS
a. 1OO MS ……………. M/W
b. 200 MS ……………... M/W
c. 400 MS ………………M/W
d. 100 M.L. hurdle…….. W
e. 100 M.H. hurdle ………..... M f.
400 M. hurdle ………….… M/W g.
4 x 100 M. relay ……….… M/W h.
4 x 400 M. relay ……….… M/W
MIDDLE DISTANCE
i. 800-meter run ……. M/W
j. 1,500-meter run …...M/W
LONG DISTANCE
k. 3,000 M. steeplechase ………..M
l. 3,000 M. run …..………………
M/W
m. 3,000 M run ………………….M/W
n. 10,000 M run …………M/W
o. 42 km. marathon ……..M/W
FUNDAMENTALS IN RUNNING (for
sprinters)
1. When running, the body should be
inclined 15 degrees forward.
2. Running the sprint requires higher knee
action, while the ball of the feet land
first.
3. The arm swing for sprinters should be
from the hips up to the shoulder level
while in the long-distance run arm swing
are longer.
4. Middle and Long distance run requires
lower knee action while the heels land
first.
5. Finishing requires the torso to touch the
finishing tape. “Torso” is defined as the
part of the body from the waist up to the
top of the shoulder minus the arms.
Two recommended style in finishing:
a. Run through style – requires the runner to
maintain the top speed several meters in
front of the finish line.
b. Lunge style – requires the runner to
“Lunge” at the tape one side away from the
finish line.
The hands must not be clenched during the
run. All running events requires contestant to
do or follow starting requirements. All middle
and long distance run are required to assume
the standing starts, while the sprint are
required to assume the crouch start.
How to assume the standing start?

a. Place the front foot behind the starting line, while

the other foot is comfortably behind.
b. The body and arms assume the running position.
c. The starter command is set before the starting
pistol is fired.

How to assume the crouch start?

d. Place front foot approximately 11 inches behind

the starting line.
e. Arms and elbow straight and perpendicular with
the ground.
f. All these are done after the command of the start,
“on your mark”.
g. When all the competitors are ready, the start gives
the second command, “set” and each runners
slightly tilt the shoulder forward and raises the
buttock higher than the shoulder. The pistol is fired
for the signal “Go”.

Three recommended styles in the Crouch
start:
a. MEDIUM START – kneeling knee is
placed between the toe and heel of the
front foot.
b. BUNCH START – kneeling knee is
placed slightly ahead of the front foot.
b. ELONGATED START – kneeling knee
is placed behind or aligned with the
heel of the front foot.
RELAY RACES – it requires a baton to be
carried by the hand and passed from hand to
hand between the four runners. A runner who
drops the baton must pick it up himself.
Two types of passing the Baton:
a. Visual pass – the receiver will look at the
passer.
b. Non-visual – the receiver will not look at the
passer.
BATON EXCHANGE
Baton exchange must be done within
20 meters passing zone with the center
of which is the 100-meter mark. If the
baton is passed outside the 20-meter
zone it will constitute a foul. Passer
and receiver must remain in their own
lane side by side during the exchange.

KINDS OF BATON EXCHANGE

a. Downward swift – for visual pass.
b. Upward swift – for non-visual
pass.
References:
• Tulio, Doris D.P.E for College
• Today’s Physical Education by Dr. Carmen C. Andin
• Oyco, Virginia Physical Fitness for College Fitness
• http://www.carifta2012.com/the-history-of-athletics-track-and-
field-history/
• https://www.britannica.com/sports/athletics/Organization-and-
tournaments
• https://www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games/the-sports-
events
• https://erenow.net/ancient/athletics-in-the-ancient-world/8.php
• https://www.ancient.eu/Olympic_Games/
• https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports-
dimensions-guide/athletics-track-events
• Sir. Daryl Cama.
 Thank you for
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