Sep.

28, 2020
@webinar

Biosafety / Biosecurity
in Laboratories

Kiyoshi TANABAYSHI, DVM, PhD

Management Department of Biosafety and Experiment Animal
(former Division of Biosafety Control and Research)
NIID, Japan
Biorisk management
Biosafety is: Laboratory
biosafety
the term used to describe the containment principles, manual 　
technologies and practices that are implemented to (3rd ed),
prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins WHO 2004

to laboratory workers and other persons, or their

accidental release to the outside environment

Biosecurity is:
institutional and personal security measures designed to
prevent the loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional
release of pathogens and toxins
Laboratory Infection,
Accident case 　　　（ Pike, 1976)
 Spillage and splashes 　　 188
 Needle and syringe 　 177
 Sharp objects, broken glass 　 112
 Bite or scratch of animal
or ectoparasite 95
 Aspiration through pipette 　　　　 92
 Others 　　　　　 3
 Not known 36
Total 　 703
Principles of 　 Biosafety 　　
Primary containment
the protection of personnel and the immediate laboratory
environment from exposure to infectious agent, is provided
by both 　→ good microbiological technique (GMT) and use of
appropriate safety equipment, PPE

Secondary containment
the protection of the environment external to the laboratory
from exposure to infectious materials, is provided by a →
combination of facility design and operational practices 　

The four elements of containment include laboratory practice and technique,

management, safety equipment, and facility design.

The risk assessment of the work to be done with a specific

agent will determine the appropriate combination of these elements. 　　　　　
　　　　　　　
 Biosafety levels
　 Four biosafety levels 　（ BSLs ）
　　 are described which consist of 　
　　 combinations of ：
• Laboratory practices and techniques
• Management
• Safety equipment
• Laboratory facilities
　　
　 BSL2 BSL3 BSL4
　　　　 BSL1
　　　　 ABSL1 ABSL2 ABSL3 ABSL4
Classification of Pathogens (WHO)
• Risk group 1 (no or very low individual and community risk)
A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal diseases.

• Risk group 2 (moderate individual risk, low community risk)

A pathogen that can cause human or animal diseases but is unlikely to
be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or t
he environment. Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but
effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk
of spread of infection is limited.

• Risk group 3 (high individual risk, low community risk)

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but d
ose not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effecti
ve treatment and preventive measures are available.

• Risk group 4 (high individual and community risk)

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and t
hat can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or
indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually
available.
 Summary of Recommended Biosafety
Levels for Infectious Agents

Clinical
specimens
 Summary of Facility Directional
air flow

BSC
class IIA BSC class
IIB

P1 P2 P3
BSL-1 BSL-2 BSL-3
HW
AC

HW HW Anteroom Double-
door
P AC
B

HW, hand wash; AC, autoclave; BSC,

Entrance Filter
biological safety cabinet; PB, pass box
Air flow HEPA filter
Air supply
Exhaust
 P4 Lab Systems

Isolation of pathogens Isolation from pathogens

(Grove box type) (Suit type)
 BSL-1,2 PPE

• Protective clothing
– Lab coat
– Gloves

• Additional PPE (may

be needed)
– Face protection
– Eye protection From CDC Web
ＢＳＬ 2
Entrance 　 door slipper
Biohazard mark

coat
 BSL-2
Safety Equipment

• Class II Biological Safety Cabinets

• Technique
• Decontaminate
spills promptly
 Autoclave and Sterilization
Sterilization:
To eliminate (remove) or kill
(deactivates) all biological agents

Autoclave:
Machine to sterilize with high
pressure steam (121°C, 15 min ~)

Double-door type
Safety Equipment
 Biosafety Level 3
Special Practices
• BSL-2 Special Practices PLUS:
 All works in BSC
 Use aerosol-containing equipment

Sealing
 Disinfectants
• Ethanol
• Iodide
• Sodium hypochlorite
• Quaternary ammonium compounds
etc.
 PPE in BSL3 NIID
• Mask
• Hat
• Gown
• Gloves
• Shoes

• N95 mask
• Apron
• Overalls
• Goggle
• Arm cover

Basic Optional
Using BSC (Biological Safety Cabinet)
Type of BSC
　 ClassⅠ 　　　　　　　 ClassⅡ 　　　　　　　　 ClassⅢ
（ Draft ） （ Partial circulation ）　（ All fresh ）　 （ Glove
box ）
Clean bench , Not BSC

Never use Pathogen

 Using BSC (Biological Safety Cabinet)
• Check-up before starting work
• Height of sash should be adjusted to the appropriate position.
• Move arms slowly.
• Keep away from other worker using BSC.
• Do not raise the height of the arm too much.
• Refrains from the use of the gas burner.
• Unnecessary material is not installed in BSC.
• Pre-running and after-running are very important.
• All workers should clean up surface of BSC after work each time.
• Appropriate inspection and maintenance should be done.
• Calibration of device is very important too.
 Management of biosafety and
biosecurity

Cooperation with
Emergency Response
Requirements
Legal
Organization
Personnel

Security 　
Training

police and fire dept

local governments,
local residents,
Software

Hardware

Facility, equipment
Both hardware and software are necessary for management
of biosafety and biosecurity