10

Water Movement
By: Agil Harnowo Putra S.T.,M.T
University of Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur
agil.harnowo@gmail.com
Overview 9th Meeting
 Introduction
 Active absorption
 Active osmotic water absorption
 Passive absorption
 Root
 Forms and System
10th Meeting
 Water Cycle
 Process
 Residence Time
 Changes Over Time
 Groundwater Flow
 Streamflow
 Groundwater classification
(aquifer,aquiclude,aquifuqe)
 Groundwater potential (SNI 13-7121-2005)
 Groundwater crisis (GIS and case study)
Water Cycle
Water Cycle-Process
 Also known as hydrological cycle is the continuous
movement of water on, above and below the
surface of the Earth
 The mass of water on earth remains fairly
constant overtime but the partitioning of the
water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh
water, and saline water is variable depending on
a wide range of climatic variables
 The water transportation from one reservoir to
another can be made by river, ocean, or ocean to
atmosphere
Water Cycle-Process
 Physical processes of water cycle :
 Evaporation, the transformation of water from
liquid to gas phases as it moves rom the ground or
bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere
 Condensation, the transformation of water vapor
to liquid water droplets in the air, creating cloud
and fog
 Precipitation, condensed water vapor that falls to
the Earth’s surface. Most process on this part
occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, and
fog drip
Water Cycle-Process
 Physical processes of water cycle :
 Infiltration,the flow of water from the ground
surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the
water becomes soil moisture or groundwater
 Surface Runoff, is the flow of water that occurs
when excess stormwater, meltwater, or other
sources flows over the Earth’s surface
 Surbsurface flow, the flow of water underground,
in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface water
may return to the surface (being pumped or spring
water)
Water Cycle-Residence Time
 Theresidence time of a reservoir within the
hydrologic cycle is the average time a water
molecule will spend in the reservoir
Reservoir Average Residence Time

Antartica 20,000 years

Groundwater deep 10,000 years

Oceans 3,200 years

Groundwater shallow 100 -200 years

Lake 50 – 100 years

Water Cycle-Residence Time
Reservoir Average Residence Time

Glaciers 20 – 100 years

Seasonal snow cover 2 – 6 months

Rivers 2 – 6 months

Soil moisture 1 – 2 months

Atmosphere 9 days

 Inhydrology terms, residence times can be

estimated in two ways, the principle of
conservation of mass and estimates residence times
Water Cycle-Residence Time
 Principle
of conservation of mass is the more
common method to estimates water residence
time
 Residence times are estimated by dividing the
volume of the reservoir by the rate by which
water either enters or exits the reservoir
 Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how
long it would take the reservoir to become filled
from empty from full if no water were to enter
Water Cycle-Residence Time
 Analternative method to estimate residence
times, which is gaining for dating groundwater, is
the use of isotopic techniques
 Theisotope technique that will be used is a
hydrological isotope technique
 The techniques are use carry water molecules
which has unique fingerprints, and based in par on
differing proportions of the oxygen and hydrogen
isotopes that constitute all water.
 The isotope hydrology program at the
International Atomic Energy Agency works to aid
developing states and created detailer portrait of
Earth’s water resources
Water Cycle-Changes Over Time
 The water cycle describes the processes that
drive the movement of water throughout the
hydrosphere
 However much more water is “in storage” for long
periods of time than is actually moving through
cycle.
 Nowadays, it is estimated that 332,500,000 mi3 of
the world’s water supply, about 321,000,000 mi3
is stored in oceans (about 97%)
 Itis estimated that the oceans supply about 90%
of the evaporated water that goes into the water
cycle
Water Cycle-Changes Over Time
 During the last ice age, glaciers covered almost
one-third of Earth’s land mass with the result
being that the oceans were about 122 meter
lower than today
 The scientific consensus expressed in the 2007
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) Summary for Policymakers is for the water
cycle to continue to intensify throughout the 21st
century, though this does not mean that
precipitation will increase in all regions
Water Cycle-Changes Over Time
 In subtropical land areas – places that are already
relatively dry, precipitation is projected to decrease
during 21st century, increasing the probability of
drought
 This drought projection located near the poleward
margins of the subtropics (South Africa, Southern
Australia, and Mediterranean Basin)
 However, the area in the equatorial midline
experienced increased precipitation (Southeast Asia,
northern South America) which cause more rain and
some flood
 Water Cycle-Changes Over Time
 Glacial retreat is also an example of changing water
cycle, where the supply of water to glaciers from
precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water
from melting and sublimation
 Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive

Before After
Water Cycle-Changes Over Time
 Human activities that alter/change the water cycle
include :
 Agriculture

 Industry

 Construction of dams
 Removal of groundwater from wells
 Alteration
of the chemical composition of the
atmosphere
 Water abstraction from rivers
 Deforestation and Afforestation
 Urbanization
Groundwater Flow
Groundwater Flow
 In hydrogeology, groundwater flow is defines as the
part of streamflow that has infiltrated the ground,
has entered the phreatic zone and has been
discharged into a stream channel, or springs and
seepage water
 Phreatic zone or zone of saturation is the area in an
aquifer below the water table
 Groundwater is water that is found in underground in
cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks
Groundwater Flow-Streamflow
 Streamflow is the flow of water in streams, rivers,
and other channels and is a major element of the
water cycle. It is one component of the runoff of
water from the land to waterbodies, the other
component being surface runoff
 The discharged of water flowing in a channel is
measured using stream gauges or can be estimated by
the Manning equation, the record of flow over time is
called a hydrograph
 Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds
the capacity of the channel.
Groundwater Flow-Streamflow
 Stream discharge is derived from four sources, which
is :
 Channel precipitation, is the moisture falling directly on the water
surface, and in most streams, it adds very little to discharge
 Groundwater, enter the streambed where the channel intersects the
water table. Providing a steady supply of water, termed base flow, during
both dry and rainy periods
 Interflow, is water that infiltrates the soil and then moves laterally to the
stream channel in the zone above the water table
 Overland flow or surface runoff is a stormwater runoff that begins as thin
layer of water that moves very slowly (less than 0.25 feet/sec) over the
ground
Groundwater Flow-Streamflow
 There are many factors, both natural and human-
involved, that cause rivers to continuously change :
Natural Mechanism Human-Involved Mechanism
Runoof from rainfall and Transbasin diversions
snowmelt
Evaporation from soil and water River-flow regulation for
bodies hydropower
Transpiration by vegetation Construction, removal and
sedimentation of reservoirs
Groundwater discharge from Stream channelization
aquifers
Sedimentation of lakes and Drainage or restoration of
wetlands wetlands
Formation or dissipation of Land use change such as
glaciers and permafrost urbanization that makes erosion
Groundwater Flow-Classification
 Classification of groundwater flow is
divided into three :
 Aquifer
 Porous water-bearing formation capable of
yielding exploitable quantities of water
 Aquiclude
A hydrogeology unit which although porous
does not transmit it at rates sufficient to
furnish an appreciable supply for a well or
spring
 Aquifuge
A hydrogeology unit which has no
interconnected openings and, hence
cannot store or transmit water
Groundwater Flow-Potential
 Groundwater potential is needed to measure how
much water reserves are in the soil
 A survey is conducted to find out whether the water
reserves in the location are good or not
 The results can be used as a reference for evaluating
the land use
 Determination of the potential level of groundwater
in basins is determined based on several criteria
 Quantity criteria
 Quality crieteria
Groundwater Flow-Potential
 The quantity criteria that can be explored are
determined based on aquifer and lifetime parameters
which include continuity (T), the type of discharge
(Qs)
 Criteria for the quantity of groundwater depend on
the type of designation (drinking water, industry,
agriculture, and other purposes)
Potential level Information
High/Great Qopt each well > 10 liter / sec
Average/Moderate Qopt each well 2,0-10 liter / sec
Low/Minor Qopt each well < 2,0 liter / sec
Groundwater Flow-Potential
 The quality criteria depend on the type of designation, key
parameters, and standards used to assess groundwater
quality, grouping divided by the level of several key
chemical parameters needed :
Parameter unit Maximum level allowed (Kepmenkes No 907/2002
Cl mg/liter 25
NO3 mg/liter 50
SO4 mg/liter 250
pH - 6,5 – 8,5
TDS mg/liter 1000

 Good, if all the provisions are in accordance with the table

 Bad, if there are parameters that exceed the maximum
level
Thank You