EXTERNAL DYNAMIC PROCESSES

AASHISH (ID No.20181PET0002)

3rd Year B.Tech. Petroleum Engineering Student
Presidency University, Bengaluru
*Email: 201810101273@presidencyuniversity.in

weathering Transportation
It includes the physical processes of traction (dragging), suspension (being carried) and saltation (bouncing) and the chemical process of solution. During transportation, water preferentially carries away small particles in the process called washing.

Weathering causes the disintegration of rock near the surface of the earth. Plant
and animal life, atmosphere and water are the major causes of weathering.
Weathering breaks down and loosens the surface minerals of rock so they can be
transported away by agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice.
There are two types of weathering:
Mechanical Weathering fig 6 : transportation by river

Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking big rocks into little ones. This
process occurs when the water inside of rocks freezes and expands. That
expansion cracks the rocks from the inside and eventually breaks them apart. The
freeze-thaw cycle happens over and over again and the break finally happens

fig 7: transportation by wind

Deposition is the laying down of sediment carried by wind, water, or ice. Sediment can be transported as pebbles, sand & mud, or as salts dissolved in water. Salts may later be deposited by organic activity (e.g. as sea-shells) or by evaporation.
Deposition occurs when the forces responsible for sediment transportation are no longer sufficient to overcome the forces of gravity and friction, creating a resistance to motion; this is known as the null-point hypothesis

fig 8: deposition of clastic sediments

References :
www.nationalgeography.org
www.eschooltoday.com
www.geology.isu.edu
www.onegeology.org
www.nationalgeogaphy.com

fig 1: mechanical weathering

fig 1:mechanical erosion

Chemical weathering
Chemical weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down by chemical
reactions. When iron in rocks reacts with oxygen, it forms iron oxide, which
weakens the rock. Carbonation is the mixing of water with carbon dioxide to make
carbonic acid. This type of weathering is important in the formation of caves.

fig 2:chemical weathering

Erosion Deposition

Erosion happens when rocks and sediments are picked up and moved to another
place by ice, water, wind or gravity.

Erosion by water
Liquid water is the major agent of erosion on
Earth. Rain, rivers, floods, lakes, and the ocean
carry away bits of soil and sand and slowly wash
away the sediment.

Erosion by wind
Wind is a powerful agent of erosion. Aeolian fig 3:water erosion
(wind-driven) processes constantly transport
dust, sand, and ash from one place to another.
Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering
dunes. Some sand dunes in the Badain Jaran
section of the Gobi Desert in China,
for example, reach more than 400 meters
(1,300 feet) high.

fig 4: wind erosion

Erosion by ice
Ice, usually in the form of glaciers, can
erode the earth and create dramatic
landforms. In frigid areas and on some
mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill
and across the land. As they move, they
transport everything in their path, from tiny
grains of sand to huge boulders. Fig 5: ice erosion