CHAPTER 4

Part I
RESEARCH METHODS

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There are four kinds

1. Historical
2. Descriptive
3. Experimental
4. Case Study
I. Historical Method

 Historical research is scientific

and the narration thereof is an
art
 It is based on the reports of
observations which cannot be r
epeated although similar e
vents may occur
Historical Method

 Historical research is a
scientific critical inquiry of the
whole truth of past events
Uses of Historical Research
 Useful in searching the past for
solutions to contemporary
problems and needs
 Used to throw light at the
present situation
 Gives people a sense of
continuity from the past to the
present
Uses of Historical Research
 Enables communities to grasp
their relationship with the past
and how it related to current
issues
 Records events of enduring
worth, which confer upon the
individual a consciousness of
unity and the feeling of import
ance of human achievement
Major Steps of Historical Research

1. Collection of data, with

consideration of documents
and remains or relics
2. Criticism of data collected
(external and internal)
Major Steps of Historical Research
3. Presentation of the facts in
readable form involving
problems of organization,
composition, exposition and i
nterpretation
Sources of Historical Research
1. Primary Sources
a. Documents – school directives
court decisions, executive and
other financial records, person
al materials , newspapers and
periodicals
Sources of Historical Research

b. Remains – physical plant, equi

pment, apparatus, teaching ai
des and devices, picture of bui
ldings, furnishings, textbooks
and reference books
Sources of Historical Research

2. Secondary Sources
Histories of education,
bibliographies, encyclopedia a
nd many others
II. Descriptive Method
 Purpose is to find new truths in
the form of increased quantity of
knowledge, a new generalization
or new “law” and increased insight
into factors which are operating,
the discovery of new causal
relationships, a more accurate
formulation of the problem to be
solved and many others.
II. Descriptive Method
 Focuses on the present situation
(what is)
Descriptive Research is
valuable in:
1. Providing facts in which
scientific judgment may be
based
2. Providing essential knowledge
about the nature of objects
and persons
Descriptive Research is
valuable in:
3. Playing a large part in the
development of instruments
for the measurement of many
things
4. Formulating of policies in the l
ocal, national or international l
evel
Types of Descriptive Research

1. Descriptive-survey
 Gathering of data regarding
present conditions
 It is advisable to determine the
psychological and social aspects o
f research
 Data may help solve practical prob
lems
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-survey
Example 1: Problems Met By
Teachers in the Implementation of K
to 12 Curriculum in Public and
Private Schools in Iloilo City
 Rate seriousness of problems in
five levels
 Used Weighted Mean
Types of Descriptive Research

2. Descriptive-normative survey
 Used to compare local test
results with the national norm
Types of Descriptive Research

Descriptive-normative survey
Example 1: Science Achievement Test
of Grade 12 students in Public and
Private Schools in Dipolog City
 achievement test scores were
compared with the national norm
 Used mean and standard
deviation
Types of Descriptive Research

Descriptive-normative survey
Example 1:
 -z test is used to determine the
significant difference in the
Science achievement test taken
by k to 12 students
Types of Descriptive Research

3. Descriptive-status
 Seeks to answer questions
about real facts relating to
existing conditions
 Uses quantitative description
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-status
Example 1: Socio economic Status
and Academic Rank of Professors in
State Universities and Colleges
(SUCs) at the National Capital Region
(NCR)
 Used mean and z test to
determine significant differences
Types of Descriptive Research
4. Descriptive-analysis
 Describes the nature of an
object by separating it into
parts
 Analyzes the components and
what regulates and makes the
system work
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-analysis
Example 1: Job Satisfaction of
Teachers in Public and Private
Schools in Region 9 (Western
Mindanao)
 determine significant difference in
job satisfaction of teachers with
similar positions, same functions,
same responsibilities and salary
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-analysis
Example 1:
 used mean and z test
Types of Descriptive Research
5. Descriptive-classification
 Applied in natural sciences like
botany, zoology etc.
 Specimens collected are
classified from phylum to
species
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-classification
Example 1: Taxonomic Study of Her
bal Plants in the City and Province of
Iloilo
 collect herbal plants and identify
classes and species
Types of Descriptive Research
6. Descriptive-evaluative
 Appraises carefully the worthin
ess of the present study
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-evaluative
Example 1: Evaluate the
implementation of the K to 12
curriculum in public schools in
Leganes District, Zarraga District and
Barotac Nuevo District in Division of
Iloilo
 used weighted mean and
Friedman two-way analysis of
variance by ranks
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-evaluative
Example 1:
 put a scale in the adequacy of
instructional facilities
Types of Descriptive Research
7. Descriptive-comparative
 Considers two variables (not
manipulated); establishes a f
ormal procedure to compare t
he variables and conclude t
hat one is better than the o
ther
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-comparative
Example 1: Effectiveness of Teaching
Science to Grade 12 Students Using
Structured Approach and Unstructure
d Approach at Saint Paul Schools in
Metro Manila
 used tests as research instrument
Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive-comparative
Example 1:
 used mean and z test
 compare scores and determine th
e better method
Types of Descriptive Research
8. Correlational survey
 Determines the relationship be
tween two variables
Types of Descriptive Research
Correlational survey
Example 1: Correlation of
Mathematics Scores and English
Scores of Grade 12 Students in
Private Schools in Metro Manila
 used tests as research instrument
 used Pearson Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient as
statistical tool
Types of Descriptive Research
9. Longitudinal survey
 Design involves much time
allotted for investigation of the
same subjects of two or more
points in time.
Types of Descriptive Research
9. Longitudinal survey
Example 1: Mathematics
Achievement Pattern of Students
from Grade 1 to Grade 7 at the
Santa Isabel International School in
Iloilo City
 recorded mathematics
achievement scores over regular
intervals
Types of Descriptive Research
Longitudinal survey
Example 1:
 used mean to determine pattern
End of Chapter 4 – Part I