BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

AND MATERIALS
FOUNDATIONS

BHARATHAN GS
KRISHNA GARG
R RAKSHNA
TANURUCHI SAHA
 DEEP FOUNDATION
• ARE THOSE FOUNDATIONS IN WHICH THE DEPTH OF
THE FOUNDATION IS LARGER COMPARED TO ITS
BREADTH.

WHY AND WHERE DEEP FOUNDATION IS

REQUIRED
• DEEP FOUNDATION IS REQUIRED TO CARRY LOADS
FROM A STRUCTURE THROUGH WEAK
COMPRESSIBLE SOILS OR FILLS ON TO STRONGER
AND LESS COMPRESSIBLE SOILS OR HARD STRATA
AT DEPTH
• BEST SUITED TO TALLER BUILDINGS AND HEAVY
STRUCTURES THAT REQUIRE ADEQUATE SUPPORT –
WHERE THE LOAD OF THE STRUCTURE IS MORE AND Benificial in earthquake prone areas.
HAS TO BE TRANSFERRED THROUGH LARGER
SURFACE AREA.
 HOW ITS DIFFERRENT FROM SHALLOW FOUNDATION
  Sources Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation

1 Definition Foundation which is placed near the Foundation which is placed at a greater
surface of the earth or transfers the loads depth or transfers the loads to deep
at a shallow depth. strata.

2 The depth of The depth of shallow foundation is Greater than shallow foundation.
foundation generally about 3 meters or the depth of
foundation is less than the footing
width.
3 Cost Shallow foundation is cheaper. Deep foundations are generally more
expensive than shallow foundation.
4 Feasibility Shallow foundations are easier to The construction process of a deep
construct. foundation is more complex.
5 Mechanism of load Shallow foundations transfer loads mostly Deep foundations rely both on end
transfer by end bearing. bearing and skin friction, with few
exceptions like end bearing pile.
6 Advantages Construction materials are available,
less labor is needed, construction
procedure is simple at an affordable cost
etc.
7 Disadvantages Possibility of a settlement, usually
applicable for lightweight structure, weak
against lateral loads etc.
Foundation can be provided at a
greater depth, Provides lateral support
and resists uplift, effective when
foundation at a shallow depth is not
possible, can carry huge load etc.
More expensive, needs skilled labors,
complex construction procedure, can be
time-consuming and some types of deep
foundations are not very flexible etc.
 TYPESOF DEEP FOUNDATION
• PILE FOUNDATION – ARE LONG, SLENDER, COLUMNS TYPICALLY MADE OF STEEL,
REINFORCED CEMENT OR TIMBER. USED WHEN REQUIRED BEARING CAPACITY STRATUM
IS AT GREATER DEPTH.
ADVANTAGES: CAN BE USED IN ANY SOIL TYPE AND WORKS FOR ANY TYPE OF BUILDING.

SHAFT CAISSONS FOUNDATION COFFERDAM

PILE FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION FOUNDATION
 TYPE OF PILE FOUNDATIONS BASED ON
FUCNTION
• 1.1 END BEARING PILE
• 1.2 FRICTION PILES
• 1.3 SHEET PILES
• 1.4 TENSION PILES OR UPLIFT PILES
• 1.5 ANCHOR PILES
• 1.6 BATTER PILES
• 1.7 FENDER PILES
• 1.8 COMPACTION PILES
 • END BEARING
• IS A COLUMN PUT INTO THE EARTH UNTIL A HARD STRATUM IS REACHED

• TRANSMITTS THE LOAD FROM THE SUPERSTRUCTURE TO THE GROUND AT THE END OF THE PILE

• FRICTION PILE
• ALSO CALLED FLOATING PILE

• DRIVEN AT A SITE WHERE SOIL STRATA IS WEAK TO A CONSIDERABLE DEPTH AND IS NOT
ECONOMICAL OR POSSIBLE TO REST THE PILE .

• ONE CAN INCREASE THE PILE DIAMETER, DEPTH, NUMBER OF PILES AND MAKE PILE SURFACE ROUGH
TO INCREASE THE CAPACITY OF FRICTION PILE.
 • SHEET PILES
• THIS TYPE OF PILE IS MOSTLY USED TO PROVIDE LATERAL
SUPPORT NOT VERTICAL SUPPORT TO THE STRUCTURE.
USUALLY, THEY RESIST LATERAL PRESSURE FROM LOOSE SOIL,
THE FLOW OF WATER, ETC.

• THEY ARE USUALLY USED TO SERVE THE FOLLOWING PURPOSE-

• CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALLS.

• PROTECTION FROM RIVER BANK EROSION.

• RETAIN THE LOOSE SOIL AROUND FOUNDATION TRENCHES.

• FOR ISOLATION OF FOUNDATION FROM ADJACENT SOILS

• TIMBER PILES
• TIMBER PILES ARE PLACED UNDER THE WATER
LEVEL.

• THEY LAST FOR APPROXIMATELY ABOUT 30 YEARS.

• THEY CAN BE RECTANGULAR OR CIRCULAR IN

SHAPE.

• THEIR DIAMETER OR SIZE CAN VARY FROM 12 TO 16

INCHES.
• CONCRETE PILES
• PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILE
• THE PRECAST CONCRETE PILE IS CAST IN PILE BED IN THE HORIZONTAL FORM IF THEY ARE
RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE AND VERTICAL FORMS IF CIRCULAR.

• PRECAST PILES ARE USUALLY REINFORCED WITH STEEL TO PREVENT BREAKAGE DURING
ITS MOBILIZATION FROM CASTING BED TO THE LOCATION OF THE FOUNDATION.
• AFTER THE PILES ARE CAST, CURING HAS TO BE PERFORMED AS PER SPECIFICATION.
GENERALLY CURING PERIOD FOR PRE-CAST PILES IS 21 TO 28 DAYS.
• IS USUALLY MANUFACTURED IN SIZES MORE THAN THAT OF REQUIRED TO COMPENSATE
TRANSPORTATION DAMAGE.
• AFTER THE PILES ARE CAST, CURING HAS TO BE PERFORMED AS PER SPECIFICATION.
GENERALLY CURING PERIOD FOR PRE-CAST PILES IS 21 TO 28 DAYS.
Advantages of Pre-cast Piles
Provides high resistance to chemical and
biological cracks.
They are usually of high strength.
Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles
Once the length of the pile is decided, it is
difficult to increase or decrease the length of
the pile afterward.
They are difficult to mobilize.
• STEEL PILES
• STEEL PILES MAY BE OF I-SECTION OR HOLLOW PIPE. THEY ARE
FILLED WITH CONCRETE. THE SIZE MAY VARY FROM 10 INCHES TO 24
INCHES IN DIAMETER AND THICKNESS IS USUALLY ¾ INCHES.
BECAUSE OF THE SMALL SECTIONAL AREA, THE PILES ARE EASY TO
DRIVE. THEY ARE MOSTLY USED AS END-BEARING PILES.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL PILES

• THEY ARE EASY TO INSTALL. 

• THEY CAN REACH A GREATER DEPTH COMPARING TO ANY OTHER TYPE OF

PILE. 

• CAN PENETRATE THROUGH THE HARD LAYER OF SOIL DUE TO THE LESS
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA. 

• CAN CARRY HEAVY LOADS.

DISADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILES

• PRONE TO CORROSION.

• HAS A POSSIBILITY OF DEVIATING WHILE DRIVING.

• COMPARATIVELY EXPENSIVE.
• COMPOSITE PILES
• PILES THAT ARE MADE OUT OF COMBINATION OF MORE THAN ONE PILE.
 SHAFT FOUNDATION

• ADVANTAGES
• PIER OF ANY LENGTH AND SIZE CAN BE CONSTRUCTED AT THE SITE.
• CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT IS NORMALLY MOBILE AND CONSTRUCTION CAN
PROCEED RAPIDLY .
• BEARING CAPACITY CAN BE INCEASED’
• DRILLED PIER IS APPLICABLE TO WIDE VARIETY OF SOIL CONDITIONS’
• DISADVANTAGES:
• INSTALLATION OF PIERS NEEDS A CAREFUL SUPERVISION AND QUALITY
CONTROL OF ALL THE MATERIALS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION.
• THE METHOD IS CUMBERSOME .IT NEED SUFFICIENT STORAGE SPACE FOR ALL
THE MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION.
DRILLED SHAFT
FOUNDATION
• A DRILLED SHAFT IS CONSTRUCTED BY
MAKING A CYLINDRICAL EXCAVATION,
PLACING A REINFORCING CAGE (WHEN
NECESSARY), AND THEN CONCRETING
THE EXCAVATION. WITH AVAILABLE
DRILLING EQUIPMENT, SHAFT
DIAMETERS UP TO 20 FT (6 M) AND
DEPTHS EXCEEDING 250FT (76 M) ARE
POSSIBLE.
• HOW THEY WORK:
• DRILLED SHAFTS ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED TO SUPPORT AXIAL
FORCES THROUGH A COMBINATION OF SIDE FRICTION AND END BEARING RESISTANCE.
THEY RANGE IN DIAMETER FROM 24” TO 120” AND CAN BE INSTALLED TO DEPTHS IN
EXCESS OF 300 FEET.

• WHY YOU NEED THEM:

• DRILLED SHAFTS ARE AN ECONOMIC SOLUTION THAT CAN BE INSTALLED IN A VARIETY
OF DIFFERENT GROUND CONDITIONS TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE AXIAL, LATERAL AND
OVERTURNING FORCES.

• ADVANTAGES OF DRILLED SHAFTS WHEN PROPERLY DESIGNED AND

CONSTRUCTED:
• RELIABILITY
• ECONOMY
• VERSATILITY
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
ADVANTAGES OF DRILLED PIER FOUNDATION
• PIER OF ANY LENGTH AND SIZE CAN BE CONSTRUCTED AT THE SITE
• CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT IS NORMALLY MOBILE AND CONSTRUCTION CAN
PROCEED RAPIDLY
• INSPECTION OF DRILLED HOLES IS POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF LARGE DIAMETER OF
SHAFTS
• THE DRILLED PIER IS APPLICABLE TO A LARGE VARIETY OF SOIL TYPE
• CHANGES CAN BE MADE IN THE DESIGN CRITERIA DURING THE PROGRESS
• LARGE VIBRATION THAT IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH DRIVEN PIERS IN
ABSENT IN DRILLED PIER FOUNDATION
 DISADVANTAGES

• INSTALLATION OF DRIVEN PIERS NEEDS A CAREFUL INSPECTION AND QUALITY

CONTROL OF ALL MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
• THE METHOD IS CUMBERSOME.IT NEEDS ENOUGH SPACE FOR STORAGE OF ALL
MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
COFFERDAMS
• IT IS DEFINED AS A TEMPORARY STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTED IN A RIVER OR ANY
OTHER WATER BEARING SURFACE FOR EXCLUDING WATER FROM A GIVEN SITE
TO ENABLE THE BUILDING OPERATION TO BE PERFORMED ON A DRY SURFACE.
CAISSONS
• CAISSONS ARE WATER LIGHT STRUCTURE MADE UP OF WOOD ,STEEL OR
REINFORCED CONCRETE ,CONSTRUCTED IN CONNECTIONS WITH EXCAVATION
FOR FOUNDATION OF BRIDGES ,PIERS, ABUTMENTS IN RIVER AND LAKE DOCK
STRUCTURES FORE SHORE PROTECTION ETC.
• IT REMAINS IN ITS POSE AND ULTIMATELY BECOMES AS INTEGRAL PARTS OF THE
PERMANENT STRUCTURES.