September, 2021

Bachelor of Science in Fisheries

Aquaculture

Seaweed
Gerald A. Bombita
Robertson B. Lanquino
Jasmin Jane E. Cardaño
Introduction
Seaweed is the common name for thousands
species of marine plants and algae that grow in
the ocean, rivers, lakes, and other water bodies.

They are generally anchored to the sea bottom or

other solid structures by rootlike “holdfasts”
which perform the sole function of attachment.
Introduction
A number of seaweed species are edible, many are
also of commercial importance to humans. Some
are used as fertilizers or as sources
of polysaccharides.
Introduction
Some seaweeds are microscopic, such as the
phytoplankton that live suspended in the
water column and provide the base for most
marine food chains. Some are enormous, like
the giant kelp that grow in abundant “forests”
and tower like underwater redwoods from
their roots at the bottom of the sea.
Introduction
Most are medium-sized, come in colors of
red, green, brown, and black, and randomly
wash up on beaches and shorelines just
about everywhere.
Introduction Types of Seaweeds

Irish Moss or Carrageen Moss

Chondrus crispus

Class: Florideophyceae
Family: Gigartinaceae
Division: Rhodophyta
Introduction Types of Seaweeds

Giant Kelp
Macrocystis pyrifera
 
Phylum: Ochrophyta
Rank: Species
Order: Laminariales
Family: Laminariaceae
Introduction Types of Seaweeds

Bladder wrack
Fucus vesiculosus

Family: Fucaceae
Order: Fucales
Phylum: Ochrophyta
Introduction Types of Seaweeds

Latok
Caulerpa lentillifera

Phylum: Chlorophyta
Family: Caulerpaceae
Order: Bryopsidales
Introduction Types of Seaweeds

Green Algae
Cladophora glomerata

Class: Ulvophyceae
Phylum: Chlorophyta
Genus: Cladophora
Order: Cladophorales
 
Introduction Types of Seaweeds

Brown Macroalgae
Sargassum horneri

Phylum: Ochrophyta
Genus: Sargassum
Introduction
Biology
Structure of Seaweeds
Thallus: the entire body of a seaweed.
Lamina: a flattened structure that is
resembles a leaf.
Sorus: a cluster of spores spore.
Air bladders: a hollow, gas-filled structure
organ which helps the seaweed float, found on
the blade). Other seaweeds (e.g. kelp) have
floats which are located between the lamina
and stipe.
Introduction
Biology
Structure of Seaweeds
Stipe: a stem-like structure, not all seaweeds
have these.
Holdfast: a specialized structure on the base
of a seaweed which acts as an “anchor”
allowing it to attach to a surface (e.g. a
rock).
Haptera: finger-like extensions of holdfast
anchoring to benthic substrate.
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy Scientific Classification of
Seaweeds

Kingdom Phaeophyta
Animalia (Brown algae)

Kingdom Kingdom Subkingdom Chlorophyta

Plantae Protista Algae (Green algae)

Kingdom Rhodophyta
Monera (Red algae)
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification

Chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae

1. Ulvales 1. Dictyotales 1. Nemaliales

2. Siphonocladales 2. Scytociphonales 2. Bonnemaisoniales
3. Bryopsidales 3. Fucales 3. Gelidiales
4. Dasylcladales 4. Cryptonemiales
5. Corallinales
6. Gigartinales
7. Ceramiales
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution,

Much of the world's seaweed is produced in large sea-based

farms off the coasts of China, Indonesia, the Philippines, South
Korea and Japan. China is the largest producer of edible
seaweeds, about five million tonnes and the greater part of this
is for kombu, produced from hundreds of hectares of Laminaria
japonica that is grown on suspended ropes in the ocean.
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution, Green, brown and
red seaweeds are
generally distributed in the
intertidal, tidal and sub-tidal
regions respectively.
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution,
Life History and Behaviour

Seaweed is thought to have first come about approximately three

and half billion years ago, and we realised seaweed benefits  many
thousands of years ago, as archaeological records show.  In Japan,
the past 2,000 years have seen many seaweed uses, and it is clear
from the literature that the Japanese were well aware of the many
seaweed benefits all that time ago.  Furthermore, making and
eating nori was a very common thing to do
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution,
Life History and Behaviour
China is an algae destination. It was discovered
that in 600 BC seaweed supply was used for a
king’s special guests only. It is thought that the
first author who wrote a book about sea
vegetables, their uses and various ways to
benefit from seaweed was also from China, and
firstly imported from China, other countries
started to experiment with it.
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution,
Life History and Behaviour

In Europe during the times of the Roman Empire, sea vegetables

were mainly used as an ingredient for medicine. Ancient Greeks
fed their animals with seaweeds and also some types of this marine
macro algae were used as a dying agent.
In the UK, seaweed harvesting became popular in 1200 AD and
sea veggies were mainly harvested in Scotland and Ireland.
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution,
Life History and Behaviour

Hawaii is another famous ‘seaweed’ spot on the world tour of

seaweed. First of all, they harvested up to 60 kinds of sea plants and
incorporated it to everyday meals, medicine and sometimes
decorations.
Seaweed plays a big role in Hawaiian mythology. For instance, long
time ago Hawaiians used to have a belief that algae are ashes of the
shark-man who was killed.
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution,
Life History and Behaviour

All parts of a seaweed touch the water, so it doesn't need an

internal conducting system like land plants do; they absorb
what they need directly from the water through surface
tissues. Thus, the water around seaweed needs to continually
move, bringing in fresh supplies of nutrients and gasses.
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution,
Life History and Behaviour

As we all know, some seaweeds is intact at the bottom,

therefore their floats and blades will go on the direction of the
wave. Other floating seaweeds will do so. However,
seaweeds have a reaction in their environment. For example
the Sargassum fusiforme that is subjected to acute and
chronic Cu exposures that has an impact in the marine
organisms
Introduction
Biology
Taxonomy, Classification, Distribution,
Life History and Behaviour

Another example is the giant kelp, overgrowing of its stipes and

blades may result to change in current of the water. Some seaweeds
nay result in clogging of water pathway or a hindrance in water
flow.
Temperature factors, habitat availability and heterogeneity, sand
inundation, are factors affect the local occurrence and abundance
of certain seaweed species.
Introduction
Site Selection
Sheltered area and seed availability A suitable culture site for
seaweed is that which is well protected from tidal waves and
strong winds that come from the open sea or monsoonal weather
conditions.
Water movement is a key factor that controls or influences the
growth of seaweed. It plays an important role in preventing an
increase in pH, caused by consumption of carbon dioxide, and in
supplying nutrient.
Introduction
Site Selection
Suitable site for seaweed farming is depending on the species.
Wave-exposed (rocky) areas are not good sites for Eucheuma
farming because of the destructive effects of waves on the farm. A
muddy sea bottom is not advisable because silt or mud covers the
plants reducing growth. Murky waters will also limit the amount of
sunlight that reaches the plants. Type of sea bed also reflects the
oceanographic conditions of the site.
Introduction
Hatchery
Design and Operation
Introduction
Hatchery
Design and Operation

A seaweed hatchery must have cold room capacity, an autoclave, a

well equipped laboratory and tankage with plenty of clean running
seawater. Seaweed does have huge potential in a variety of value
added areas. It is expected that seaweed from aquaculture
production will form the basis for downstream processing of value
added biopharma and nutraceutical products and that seaweed will
regularly be used in biotechnology.
Introduction
Hatchery
Design and Operation
Some seaweeds can be cultivated vegetatively, others only by
going through a separate reproductive cycle, involving alternation
of generations. In vegetative cultivation, small pieces of seaweed
are taken and placed in an environment that will sustain their
growth. When they have grown to a suitable size they are
harvested, either by removing the entire plant or by removing most
of it but leaving a small piece that will grow again. When the
whole plant is removed, small pieces are cut from it and used as
seedstock for further cultivation.
Introduction
Hatchery
Grow-out
Design
Designand
andOperation
Operation

Cultivation involving a reproductive cycle, with alternation of

generations, is necessary for many seaweeds; for these, new plants
cannot be grown by taking cuttings from mature ones. Seaweed
growth starts with the formation and development of juveniles,
which originate from the release and germination of single cells
(zygotes or spores). They subsequently attach to marine substrata to
initiate their sessile development.
Introduction
Hatchery
Grow-out
Design
Designand
andOperation
Operation
Introduction
Hatchery
Feeds and Feeding
Design and Operation

Like terrestrial plants, all types of seaweed use sunlight, carbon dioxide and
water to create food. For this reason, seaweed must grow near the ocean's
surface - within the reach of sunlight - to survive, and there must be an
abundance of carbon dioxide in the water. Like all living things, seaweed needs
to stay hydrated to survive. As non-vascular plants, seaweeds lack the true
leaves, stems, roots and internal vascular systems most other plants use to take
in water, so they absorb it through the surface of their leaf and stem-like
structures. For this reason, seaweed must constantly be partially or completely
submerged.
Introduction
Hatchery
Health Management
Design and
Benefits ofOperation
Seaweed

 It contains iodine and tyrosine which support thyroid function.

 It is a good source of vitamins and minerals.
 It contains a variety of protective antioxidants.
 Provides fiber and polysaccharides that can support your gut
health.
 It contains of fiber that helps you to lose weight or reduce
weight.
Introduction
Hatchery
Health Management
Design and
Benefits ofOperation
Seaweed

 It helps to reduce heart diseases.

 It may help reduce risk of type 2 diabetes by improving blood
sugar control.
Introduction
Hatchery
Water Quality
Design and Operation
Management

Like other mariculture species, it also needs right alkalinity, salinity,

turbidity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. For ideal seaweed cultivation, the level
of water brightness should range between 80% -100% (> 5 m). Salinity
concentrations in areas that are near the coastline have salinity
concentrations between 10.80-17.27 ‰. The optimal water temperature
around seaweed ranges between 26- 30 °C. Dissolved oxygen concentration
at the study (Mujiyanto et al, 2020) of site ranged from 5-7.24 mg / L.
Introduction
Hatchery
Water Quality
Design and Operation
Management

The water contaminated by the other chemicals may have an effect into
seaweeds and vice versa. The significant spatio-temporal variation of heavy
metals by the seaweed confirm the potentiality of the species in absorbing the
heavy metals from the surrounding water bodies. In some instances, Seaweed
improve water quality. Research has also shown that seaweed can help
manage water quality by absorbing excess nutrient pollution from wastewater
treatment facilities, urban storm water runoff, and farming.
Introduction
Hatchery
Harvesting
Design and Operation

Small pieces of seaweed are taken and placed in an

environment that will sustain their growth, in vegetative
cultivation. When they have grown to a suitable size they are
harvested, either by removing the entire plant or by removing
most of it but leaving a small piece that will grow again.
Introduction
Hatchery
Harvesting
Design and Operation

The simplest and most common cultivation method is to attach pieces of

seaweed to rope lines or nets that are suspended in the sea often near the
coast. They hang on wooden stakes or on a floating wooden framework dug
down into the seabed. For harvesting it dry, it was collected at low tide from
the rocks where it grows. Cut it from the stipe (“root”) with a pair of scissors
so that it can grow again. China is the largest producer of edible seaweeds,
harvesting about 5 million wet tonnes. The greater part of this is for kombu,
produced from hundreds of hectares of the brown seaweed, Laminaria
japonica, that is grown on suspended ropes in the ocean.
Introduction
Hatchery
Harvesting
Design and Operation

The major producing areas of seaweeds in the Philippines are Regions

IV -B, IX and ARMM. The provinces of Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Basilan,
Palawan, Antique, Bohol, Quezon, Zamboanga del Norte, Camarines Sur,
Eastern Samar, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Lanao del Norte and
Maguindanao expanded areas for seaweed culture.
Introduction
Hatchery
Status and Trends
Design and Operation
The seaweed industry provides a wide variety of products that have an
estimated total annual value of US$ 5.5-6 billion. Food products for human
consumption contribute about US$ 5 billion of this. Substances that are
extracted from seaweeds - hydrocolloids - account for a large part of the
remaining billion dollars, while smaller, miscellaneous uses, such as
fertilizers and animal feed additives, make up the rest. The industry uses 7.5-
8 million tonnes of wet seaweed annually. Commercial harvesting occurs in
about 35 countries, spread between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres,
in waters ranging from cold, through temperate, to tropical.
Introduction
Hatchery
Status and Trends
Design and Operation

For the Philippines, more than half or 53.00 percent of the total Seaweed
production in BARMM in the second quarter of 2020 was produced in Tawi-
Tawi. Sulu, Maguindanao and Basilan contributed only 30.88 percent, 15.85
percent and 0.27 percent of this production. Seaweeds contributed about
34% to the total 2008 fisheries production, with Regions IV-B, IX and
ARMM as major producers. The steady increase in production for the past
five (5) years (2004-2008) can be attributed to high market demand, better
price and good weather condition that encourage farmers to expand their
areas for seaweed culture.
Introduction
Hatchery
Status and Trends
Design and Operation

The industry employs between 100,000-120,000 manpower where 90% are

seaweed farmers and the rest are seaweed processors and traders. The
Philippines is one of the top producers of seaweeds in the world, and
aquatic plants next to Indonesia (FAO 2007). More than 800 species of
seaweeds have been recorded in the Philippines. The major commercial
seaweeds in the Philippines are Eucheuma, Kappaphycus, Gracilaria spp.
and Caulerpa lentillifera.
Introduction
Hatchery
Status and Trends
Design and Operation

The present review provides the most remarkable insights into seaweed
research, specifically addressing its chemical composition,
phytopharmacology, and cosmetic applications. Seaweeds have received
huge interest in recent years given their promising potentialities. Their
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypolipemic, and anticoagulant
effects are among the most renowned and studied bioactivities so far, and
these effects have been increasingly associated with their content and
richness in both primary and secondary metabolites
Introduction
Hatchery
References
Design and Operation

1. Appukuttan, K K. 2005. Winter School on Recent Advances in Mussel and Edible

Oyster Farming and Marine Pearl Production. CMFRI Teaching Resource.
2. Bhadury P., Wright P.C. Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for
potential antifouling applications. Planta. 2004
3. Ale M.T., Meyer A.S. Fucoidans from brown seaweeds: An update on structures,
extraction techniques and use of enzymes as tools for structural elucidation. RSC
Adv. 2013
Introduction
Hatchery
References
Design and Operation

4. Irkin L.C., Yayintas Ö. Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Benefits of

Seaweeds (A Review) Int. J. Trend Sci. Res. Dev. 208
5. Pal A., Kamthania M.C., Kumar A. Bioactive Compounds and Properties of
Seaweeds: A Review. Open Access Libr. J. 2014
6. Ohno and Critchley (1993), Kain (1991) and Schramm (1991a)
7. Mujiyanto et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 521 012012
Introduction
Hatchery
References
Design and Operation
Websites

 https://www.seaweed.ie/sargassum/
 https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seaweed.html
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29769962_Ethnobotany_of_Sargas
sum_spp_in_the_Philippines
 https://www.britannica.com/science/seaweed
 https://www.google.com/search?q=
water+quality+management+in+seaweeds&oq=
water+quality+management+in+seaweeds&aqs=chrome..
69i57.13311j1j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Introduction
Hatchery
References
Design and Operation
Websites

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6891420/
 http://www.fao.org/3/y4765e/y4765e04.htm
 https://www.google.com/search?q=What+are+the+important+water+quality+
parameters+for+aquaculture%3F&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT38W8x4_zAhUu
yYsBHfenBJEQzmd6BAgPEAU&biw=1366&bih=695&dpr=1
 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/521/1/012012/pdf