Electromagnetic

Wave theory

Topic : Behavior of EM Waves in Different mediums.

 “
“The more clearly we can
focus our attention on the
wonders and realities of the
universe about us, the less
taste we shall have for
destruction.”
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 Classification of Mediums
⋆  
Mediums are classified into following four major categories:
⋆ Free space(μ = μ0 )
⋆ Lossless dielectrics(μ = µrμ0 )
⋆ Lossy dielectrics()
⋆ Good conductors(μ = 0 )
We discuss free space, lossy dielectrics, and good conductors which are simply
special cases for lossy dielectrics.

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 Points Due Consideration
⋆ Plane waves by definition are defined as when Electric and
Magnetic field lie in transverse plane i.e. plane normal to the
direction of propagation of waves.
⋆ We use Maxwell equations to explain the plane wave
propagation in different mediums.
⋆ For simplicity, we consider every medium to be
Homogenous, Isotropic and source-free.

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 Electromagnetic (Plane) wave a tio n
a g
Prop
f
io no
irec t
D
Electric Field

Magnetic Field
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 Maxwell Equations
⋆
⋆ Maxwell
  equations:
1.

2.
Taking curl on both sides in first equation,

Using vector identity:

And the equation 4 and 2 of Maxwell equations

We write the equation as
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 Wave Equation
⋆
⋆ Consider
  the following:

⋆ This implies
This is called vector wave equations and a similar equation can be derived for H s.
here is defined as propagation constant per meter inside the medium this is important
parameter that distinguished the different mediums 
here is a complex number and any complex number can be expressed in form:
;

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 Wave Properties
⋆ using
Now   the equation for and properties of complex number, we obtain as

⋆ Intrinsic impedance () is ratio electric and magnetic field in phasor form mentioned earlier.

Again using 1 and 2 Maxwell equations under conditions that E has only x component and H has only y
component
 Plane waves in Free Space
(, )
⋆ examining
By   the conditions and putting them in formula of and , the following results are
drawn.

⋆ And by definition phase constant is

⋆ And thus speed of EM waves in free space = 3 x 108 m/s.
Which is considered to be speed of light and thus defines the nature of light to be
electromagnetic.
⋆ Impedance of free space is = 377 Ω

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 Plane waves in Lossless Dielectric
 
(,)
⋆   examining the condition and using the formulas of and
Again

⋆ By definition phase constant is

⋆ Thus speed of EM waves in lossless dielectric
⋆ Impedance of free space is
⋆ This equation is complex in nature and shows an impedance angle of 0 o

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 Plane waves in Good conductors
, 
⋆ consider
We   that conductivity of conductors is high. i.e. >> 1.
⋆ =
⋆ can be re-written as in Euler form as
⋆
⋆ Using the above form, we see that in a good conductor and

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 Plane waves in Good conductors
, 
⋆ consider
We   that conductivity of conductors is high. i.e. >> 1.
⋆ Here ≠ 0 which wasn’t the case in previous discussions.
⋆ If we write harmonic equation of E, they are follows:
E= Eocos(wt-z)
Here there is an extra factor of . This factor implies an exponential decrease with
increasing time for the amplitude of an EM wave travelling in a good conductor (same goes
for H component) .
⋆ If Eo is reduced by a factor of e-1 we say it’s decrease by about 37%.For this the distance
travelled by wave in z direction is
Z=
⋆ is called ‘skin depth’.
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 Plane waves in Good conductors
, 
⋆ “The
  skin depth is a measure of the depth to which an EM Wave can penetrate the
Medium”.
⋆ =Thus
⋆ Skin depth is used to find resistance in both ac and dc condition.
By definition Resistance (DC) RDC =
Skin resistance is defined as real part of
Rs = ( This is like conductor of length 1 and cross section )

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 Plane waves in Good conductors
, 

⋆  Thus for AC resistance considering length l and width w  

⋆ Rac =
⋆ For a circular ring conductor w= 2πa and area = πa 2
⋆ Thus ratio of AC to DC resistance = =

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 Thank you

Presented By:
⋆ Virender Singh (19104117)
⋆ Panav (19104123)
⋆ Gurshaan Singh (19104114)
⋆ Sehajbir Singh ( 19104116)
⋆ Arnav ( 19104126)

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