Computer Networks

Introduction
Week 4-Lecture 1

Introduction 1-1
Throughput

• throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits

transferred between sender/receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bits
pipe fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec fluid at rate
R bits/sec
to send to client c
Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-2
Throughput (more)
• Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck
link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-3
Internet ON A LARGE SCALE!!!
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
 hosts
 routers
 links of various
media
 applications
 protocols
 hardware,
software

Introduction 1-4
 Question:
What is the architecture of the Internet?
How is the structure of the Internet organized ?
Architecture of the Internet
Structure of the Internet
• How does the postal system work as an organized structure?
• What should be done with the data which a host generates through
an application?
• how does the host know if its data is getting to the destination?
• What is the job of the host?
• What is the job of the router?
 What is a protocol?
A Protocol is a standard pattern of exchanging information.
• High level applications
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Telnet
• Lower layers
• Transport layer: how to transport data : how to deliver
a package (fax, UPS, Air, road)
• Network layer: locating destinations and who to
forward so it reaches the destination
• Link layer: actually handling the transfer of bytes/bits
• Each protocol instance talks
virtually to its peer
• Each layer communicates only
by using the one below
• Lower layer services are
accessed by an interface
• At bottom, messages are
carried by the medium
Motivation For Layering

• Communication is difficult to Solution:

understand
• Divide the problem into pieces
• Many subproblems
• • Solve subproblems separately
Hardware failure
• Network congestion • Combine into integrated whole
• Packet delay or loss
• Result is layered protocols
• Data corruption
• Data duplication or inverted
arrivals
 Concept Of Layering

Sender Receiver

Layer n Layer n

... ...

Layer 2 Layer 2

Layer 1 Layer 1

Network

Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 10 5 2005

 More Realistic Layering

Conceptual Layers Software Organization

High-Level Protocol 1 Protocol 2 Protocol 3

Protocol Layer

Internet
IP Module
Protocol Layer

Network
Interface Layer Interface 1 Interface 2 Interface 3

(a) (b)

Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 10 6 2005

 Layering In An Internet

Sender Receiver

other... other...

IP Layer IP Layer IP Layer IP Layer

Interface Interface Interface Interface

Net 1 Net 2 Net 3

Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 10 7 2005

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference
Model by International Standards Organization (ISO)

• Layers created for different

abstractions
• Each layer performs well-defined
function
• Function of layer chosen with
standards in mind
• Minimize information flow across
layer interfaces
• Find the optimum number of
layers
Internet protocol stack
• application: supporting network
applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
• transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
• network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination network
• IP, routing protocols
• link: data transfer between neighboring link
network elements
• Ethernet (802.3), WiFi (802.11), PPP
physical
• physical: bits “on the wire”

Introduction 1-16
 message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-17
• Who is the source (S) computer?
• Who is the destination (D) computer?
• Who is passing this message to whom?
How data travels from one host to the other
across the Internet?
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
• explicit structure allows identification, relationship of
complex system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
• modularization eases maintenance, updating of system
• change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to rest of
system

Introduction 1-24
Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

• a series of steps

Introduction 1-25
Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

layers: each level implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer below

Introduction 1-26
• Each protocol instance talks
virtually to its peer
• Each layer communicates only
by using the one below
• Lower layer services are
accessed by an interface
• At bottom, messages are
carried by the medium
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference
Model by International Standards Organization (ISO)

• Layers created for different

abstractions
• Each layer performs well-defined
function
• Function of layer chosen with
standards in mind
• Minimize information flow across
layer interfaces
• Find the optimum number of
layers
PDU is Protocol
Data Unit
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
Kleinrock's "Narrow Waist" Model 
Internet protocol stack
• application: supporting network
applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
• transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
• network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination network
• IP, routing protocols
• link: data transfer between neighboring link
network elements
• Ethernet (802.3), WiFi (802.11), PPP
physical
• physical: bits “on the wire”

Introduction 1-32
• Who is the source (S) computer?
• Who is the destination (D) computer?
• Who is passing this message to whom?

A gift box example for encapsulating / packing

message from S to D
 message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-35
Capacity increasing!
A demo to understand latency on different
mediums