 Thales (600 BC)

 William Gilbert (1600) – electricus – elektron –

electricity
 Charles Coulomb, French physicist (Coulomb’s
Law, force of attraction and repulsion, the
charges, and the distance bet. the charges)
 Alessandro Volta (voltaic cell)
 Georg Simon Ohm (ohm’s law: voltage, current,
resistance)
 Every atom is composed of a positively charge nucleus
surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
 Electrons have equal masses and have the same
amount of negative charges.
 The nucleus consists of positively charged protons and
neutrally charged neutrons . Protons have the same
amount of positive charge as the negative charge of
electrons. Protons, however, are almost 200 times
more massive than electrons.
 An atom has an equal number of protons and
electrons; thus, it is neutrally charged or is uncharged.
 Have neutrons, protons, and electrons.
 Protons are positively charged
 Electrons are negatively charged
 Are located on the outer edges of atoms…
they can be moved.
 A concentration of electrons in an atom
creates a net negative charge.
 If electrons are stripped away, the atom
becomes positively charged.
 +
+ + -
- - + - +
+
- + + -
-
+ +
- - -
 The build up of an electric charge on the
surface of an object.
 The charge builds up but does not flow.
 Static electricity is potential energy. It does
not move. It is stored.
 Occurs when there is a loss of static
electricity due to three possible things:
 Friction - rubbing
 Conduction – direct contact
 Induction – through an electrical field (not
direct contact)
 When a body is charged, no electrons are created
nor destroyed.
 Law of charges
 Attraction
 Repulsion
 The electric force is directly proportional to the
product of the two charges, Q1 and Q2, but
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance, d, between the charges.
Fe ∞Q1Q2 and Fe ∞ 1/d2
k= 8.99x109 N•m2/C2
9.0x109N.m2/C2
 What is the force between a positive charge of
3x10-3 C and a negative charge of 6x10-4 C if they
are 40 cm apart?
 Given

 Formula

 Solution

 Final answer:

1.0125x105 N (force of attraction)

 Determine the electrical force of attraction
between two balloons with separate charges of
+3.5 x 10-8C and -2.9 x 10-8 C when separated a
distance of 0.65 m.
 Determine the electrical force of attraction
between two balloons that are charged with the
opposite type of charge but the same quantity of
charge. The charge on the balloons is 6.0 x 10 -7 C
and they are separated by a distance of 0.50 m.
 Joann has rubbed a balloon with wool to give it a
charge of -1.0 x 10-6 C. She then acquires a
plastic golf tube with a charge of +4.0 x 10 -6 C
localized at a given position. She holds the
location of charge on the plastic golf tube a
distance of 50.0 cm above the balloon. Determine
the electrical force of attraction between the golf
tube and the balloon.
 At what distance from a negative charge of 
5.536x10-9 C would the
electric field strength be 1.90 x 105 N/C
 When an electric force exists in a space around a
charge substance.
 The force exerted by an electric field on a unit

charge placed in it is called the electric field

intensity, E.
 Mathematically,

 E = F/q

F = force exerted on a tiny positive charge q.

Expressed in newtons per coulomb (N/C)
 If a charge of 5 C placed in an electric field
experiences a force of 0.8 N, what is the electric
field intensity?
 Given:
 Formula:
 Solution:
 Final Answer:
 0.16 N/C
 Current: The flow of electrons from one
place to another.
 Measured in amperes (amps)
 Kinetic energy
 With circuits.
 Circuit: is a path for the flow of electrons.
We use wires.
Static electricity is stationary or
collects on the surface of an
object, whereas current
electricity is flowing very rapidly
through a conductor.
The flow of electricity in current electricity has
electrical pressure or voltage. Electric charges
flow from an area of high voltage to an area of
low voltage.
Water pressure and voltage behave in
similar ways.
 Electric current is the amount of charge passing
per unit time
 I = Q/t
 Q = is the amount of charge that passes through
the conductor at any point during the time
interval t.
 I = it is measured in ampere (Andre Marie
Ampere)
 1 A = 1 C/s 1 C = 6.24 x1018 electrons
 A charge of 3600 C passes through an electric
lamp in 2 min. What is the current in the lamp?
 Given:
 Formula:
 Solution:
 Final Answer:
 30 A
 Direct Current (DC) – Where electrons flow
in the same direction in a wire.
 Alternating Current (AC) – electrons flow
in different directions in a wire
 Series Circuit: the components are lined up
along one path. If the circuit is broken, all
components turn off.
 Parallel Circuit – there are several
branching paths to the components. If the
circuit is broken at any one branch, only the
components on that branch will turn off.
 Conductors – material through which
electric current flows easily.

 Insulators – materials through which electric

current cannot move.
 Conductors:  Insulators:
 Metal  Rubber
 Water  Plastic
 Paper
 The opposition to the flow of an electric
current, producing heat.
 The greater the resistance, the less current
gets through.
 Good conductors have low resistance.
 Measured in ohms.
 The measure of energy given to the charge
flowing in a circuit.
 The greater the voltage, the greater the force
or “pressure” that drives the charge through
the circuit.
 Resistance = Voltage / Current

 Ohms = Volts / Amps

V= IR I =V/R R=V/I
What is magnetism?
Magnetism is the properties and interactions of
magnets
The earliest magnets were found naturally in the mineral
magnetite which is abundant the rock-type lodestone.
These magnets were used by the ancient peoples as
compasses to guide sailing vessels.
Magnets produce magnetic forces and have
magnetic field lines
The earth is like a giant magnet!
The nickel iron core of the earth gives the earth a
magnetic field much like a bar magnet.
 USUALLY MADE OF IRON

 EVERY MAGNET HAS A NORTH AND SOUTH

POLES

 LIKE SIMILAR CHARGES REPEL

 OPPOSITES ATTRACT
 OBJECTS THAT CAN BE MAGNETIZED
(IRON, COBALT, NICKEL)

 3 TYPES OF MAGNETS
 LODESTONE – NATURAL (PERMANENT)
 ARTIFICAL – INDUCED
 ELECTROMAGNET – temporary magnets produced by
moving electric current
  Ferromagnetic material
such as iron attracts
magnetic lines of
induction, whereas
nonmagnetic material
such as copper does not.
 Demonstration of
magnetic lines of force
with iron filings

 NORTH &
 SOUTH POLES
 If a single magnet is
broken into smaller and
smaller pieces, baby
magnets result
 A moving charge creates a magnetic field

 When a charged particle is in motion – a magnetic

force field perpendicular to the motion is created
 ELECTROMAGNETIS
M
 A MOVING CHARGE CREATES A MAGNETIC
FIELD
 Current flow direction of thumb –
 Magnetic filed – fingers
 SOLENOID: Current flowing
through coil of wire

 Putting a magnet in the middle

of the coil of wire increases the
strength of the electromagnet’s
magnetic field
 A coil of wire is a helix
 Supplied with current it is a solenoid

 Add an iron core – simple form of

ELECTROMAGNET
What is an electromagnet?
When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire
wrapped around a metal core, a very strong magnetic
field is produced. This is called an electromagnet.
Faraday discovered that the
magnetic lines of force and the wire
must have a motion relative to each
other to induce an electrical current
 Moving a wire through a magnetic field will
induce a current (Faraday)
 Wire or field can move
 Moving a magnet through a coil of wire
will induce an electrical current
 Increase the Strength of field or size of
magnet
 Increase the SPEED of motion
 Change the ANGLE (more perpendicular)
 Increase the Number of Turns of coil
 MOVING A BAR
MAGNET THROUGH A
COIL OF WIRE WILL
INDUCE A CURRENT
TO FLOW THROUGH
THAT WIRE
What are electric motors?
An electric motor is a device which changes electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
How does an electric motor work?
 A generator is a device that uses induction to
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
A transformer is a device used to change the
voltage in a circuit. AC currents must be used.

75,000 V in the 120 V in your

power lines p = primary house

s = secondary
 Transformers are
extremely useful
because they
efficiently change
voltage and current,
while providing the
same total power.
 The transformer uses
electromagnetic
induction, similar to a
generator.