Basic

Concepts
of Hazard
 Types of Hazards

⊷Natural Hazard
⊷Man- Made Hazard

2
Natural Hazard
Those that are caused by
physical and biological
elements in the
environment. 3
Natural Hazard are
inevitable
 Man- Made Hazard
Also called technological hazard.
⊷Human Errors
⊷Intent or Negligence
⊷Glitches in Technology
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 Typhoon
Considered one of the
most powerful natural
hazards. 6
 Typhoon Yolanda
⊷November 6, ⊷13 feet
2013
⊷41
⊷Typhoon Haiyan
⊷Leyte, East provinces
Samar ⊷23,000
⊷10,000 ⊷9.7 million
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9
10
11
12
13
Fire 14
 Al- Mishraq Fire
⊷June 24, 2003
⊷Sulfur Dioxide
⊷21 000 tons
⊷Respiratory Problems
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 Profiling Hazard
Hazard can be profiled in many ways:

• Magnitude or Strength of the Event

• Frequency
• Duration of Impact
• Causality of Event 19
 Magnitude or Strength of
the Event
Earthquake Intensity Scale

Intensity Scale Shaking Description

I Scarcely Perceptible Perceptible to people under favorable

circumstances. Delicately balanced objects are
disturbed slightly. Still Water in containers
oscillates slowly.

II Slightly Felt Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging

objects swing slightly. Still Water in containers
oscillates noticeably.

III Weak Felt by many people indoors especially in upper

floors of buildings. Vibration is felt like one passing
of a light truck. Dizziness and nausea are
experienced by some people. Hanging objects 20
swing moderately. Still water in containers
oscillates moderately.
IV Moderately Strong Felt generally by people indoors and by some
people outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened.
Vibration is felt like a passing of heavy truck.
Hanging objectsswing considerably. Dinner, plates,
glasses, windows and doors rattle. Floors and
walls of wood framed buildings creak. Standing
motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in containers
are slightly disturbed. Water in containers
oscillate strongly. Rumbling sound may sometimes
be heard.

V Strong Generally felt by most people indoors and

outdoors. Many sleeping people are awakened.
Some are frightened, some run outdoors. Strong
shaking and rocking felt throughout building.
Hanging objects swing violently. Dining utensils
clatter and clink; some are broken. Small, light
and unstable objects may fall or overturn. Liquids
spill from filled open containers. Standing vehicles
rock noticeably. Shaking of leaves and twigs of
trees are noticeable.

VI Very Strong Many people are frightened; many run outdoors.

Some people lose their balance. motorists feel like
driving in flat tires. Heavy objects or furniture
move or may be shifted. Small church bells may
ring. Wall plaster may crack. Very old or poorly
built houses and man-made structures are slightly
damaged though well-built structures are not
affected. Limited rockfalls and rolling boulders
occur in hilly to mountainous areas and
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escarpments. Trees are noticeably shaken.
VII Destructive Most people are frightened and run outdoors.
People find it difficult to stand in upper floors.
Heavy objects and furniture overturn or topple.
Big church bells may ring. Old or poorly-built
structures suffer considerably damage. Some well-
built structures are slightly damaged. Some cracks
may appear on dikes, fish ponds, road surface, or
concrete hollow block walls. Limited liquefaction,
lateral spreading and landslides are observed.
Trees are shaken strongly. (Liquefaction is a
process by which loose saturated sand lose
strength during an earthquake and behave like
liquid).

VIII Very Destructive People are panicky. People find it difficult to stand
even outdoors. Many well-built buildings are
considerably damaged. Concrete dikes and
foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground
settling or toppling. Railway tracks are bent or
broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted or
overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments
mat tilt or topple. Water and sewer pipes may be
bent, twisted or broken. Liquefaction and lateral
spreading cause man- made structure to sink, tilt
or topple. Numerous landslides and rockfalls occur
in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are
thrown out from their positions particularly near
the epicenter. Fissures and faults rapture may be
observed. Trees are violently shaken. Water splash
or stop over dikes or banks of rivers.
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IX Devastating People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cry
and shake with fear. Most buildings are totally
damaged. bridges and elevated concrete
structures are toppled or destroyed. Numerous
utility posts, towers and monument are tilted,
toppled or broken. Water sewer pipes are bent,
twisted or broken. Landslides and liquefaction
with lateral spreadings and sandboils are
widespread. the ground is distorted into
undulations. Trees are shaken very violently with
some toppled or broken. Boulders are commonly
thrown out. River water splashes violently on slops
over dikes and banks.

X Completely Devastating Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.

Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale
subsidence and uplifting of land forms and many
ground fissures are observed. Changes in river
courses and destructive seiches in large lakes
occur. Many trees are toppled, broken and
uprooted.

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 Frequency

This is usually but not always

24
Duration of Impact

The impact of hazards varies in

duration

25
Causality of Event

26
 Hazard- prone Areas
A location where a natural
hazard is likely to happen if
preventive measures are not
implemented. 27
Pacific Ring of Fire

28
29
 Countries along the Pacific
16.Tuvalu
1. Chile  Ring of Fire 17. Costa Rica
18. El Salvador
2. Mexico 
19. Guatemala
3. United States  20. Panama
4.Antarctica 21. Colombia
5. Russia  22. New Zealand
6. Ecuador 23. Nicaragua
7. Philippines  24. Bolivia
8. Japan  25. Samoa
9. New Zealand  26. Singapore
27. Palau
10. Papa New Guinea
28. Micronesia
11.Indonesia 29. Solomon Islands
12.Canada 30. Tina
13.Peru 31. Fiji 30
14.Taiwan 32. Malaysia
15.Gautemala 33. Kiribati
Philippine Fault
Zone (PFZ)
32
33
34
 Impacts of Hazard
•Physical Elements
•Socioeconomic Elements
•Environmental Elements
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36
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Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

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Our process is easy

03 Vestibulum
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Vestibulum tempus
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01 02
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39
 Let’s review some
concepts
Yellow Blue
Red
Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the
butter and ripe clear sky and the Is the color of blood,
lemons. In the deep sea. It is located and because of this it
spectrum of visible between violet and has historically been
light, yellow is found green on the optical associated with
between green and spectrum. sacrifice, danger and
orange. courage.

Yellow
Blue
Red
Is the color of gold,
butter and ripe Is the color
colourofofblood,
the
lemons. In the clearbecause
and sky and of thethis it
spectrum of visible deephistorically
has sea. It is located
been
light, yellow is found between violet
associated with and
between green and green on danger
sacrifice, the optical
and
orange. spectrum.
courage.

40
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