§3.

MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

 3.1. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors

- Position vector : from the origin of some coordinate system to the location of the
particle
 - Displacement vector :

= - (3.1)
- Average velocity :

(3.2)

 - Instantaneous velocity :

(3.3)
+ The direction of is along a line tangent to the path
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
3.1. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
 + The speed: The magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity vector
v=
- Average acceleration :

(3.4)

 - Instantaneous acceleration :

(3.5)
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
 3.2. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

- The position vector:

(3.6)
- The velocity of the particle:

(3.7)

 + The velocity component of the particle in x direction:

(3.8)

+ The velocity component of the particle in y direction:

(3.9)
+ The final velocity at any time t:

(3.10)
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
 3.2. Two-Dimensional Motion with
Constant Acceleration
- x coordinate of a particle:

- y coordinate of a particle: (3.11)

- Final position vector:

(3.12)

(3.13)
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
3.3. Projectile motion
 - The initial x and y components of the
velocity of the projectile:

(3.11)

- The position vector of the projectile:

- The components of accelerations (3.12)

 + In the horizontal direction (x direction):

(3.13)
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
3.3. Projectile motion
+ In the vertical direction (y direction):
 

 * Maximum height h :

- At the maximum height (point A), =0  =0

 t =
- The maximum height h:

(3.14)
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
3.3. Projectile motion
 * Horizontal range R :

- The horizontal range R:

- The maximum value of R: (3.15)

R = Rmax 45
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
3.4. Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion
- Circular motion: motion in a circular path
- Uniform circular motion: circular notion with constant speed v.
- Because velocity is a vector quantity, an acceleration can occur in two ways:
+ By a change in the magnitude of the velocity.
+ By a change in the direction of the velocity.
 An object moves at a constant speed in a circular path, it still has an
acceleration.
 - Two triangles OAB and O’A’B’ are similar, therefore:

A’
 
where O’
B’
O
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
 3.4. Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

- The magnitude of the average acceleration from A to B:

As A B, t 0

 The magnitude of the acceleration vector:

- The acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always points toward the
center of the circle: centripetal acceleration

 - The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration:

(3.16)
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
 3.4. Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

- Period T : The time interval required for the particle to complete a revolution of
motion.
(3.17)

 - Rotation rate f : the number of revolution per second

(3.18)
- Angular speed  :

From (3.16), (3.17) and (3.18), we have: (3.19)

(3.20)

(3.21)
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
3.5. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
 
+ (3.22)

 + Tangential acceleration : Due to the change in the speed of the particle

  𝒅𝒗
𝒂𝒕 = | |
𝒅𝒕
(3.23)

 + : Due to the change in direction of the velocity vector

(3.24)
where r is the radius of curvature of the path at the point in question

 - The magnitude of the acceleration

vector :

(3.25)
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
 3.6. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration

SA: fixed frame of reference

SB: moves to the right with a constant velocity
t = 0: the origins of SA and SB coincide
  At time t, the distance between the origins:
- The position P of the particle in SA:
- The position P of the particle in SB:
 We have:

= + (3.26)

 =+
 = +
(3.27)
where and are the velocities of the particle at P measured by observers in SA and
SB , respectively.
 §3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
3.6. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
 The time derivative of (3.27), we have:

= +
 = +


Because = constant  =

 =
(3.28)