CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES:
Introduction of carbohydrate.
(a) Sucrose and Sucrose containing drugs: Sucrose, Dextrose,
Liquid glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Honey, Starch,
Inulin, Dextrine etc.
(b) Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives: Purified cotton, Powdered
cellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Sodium
Carboxy-methyl cellulose.
(c) Gums and Mucilages: Tragacenth, Acacia, Sodium Alginate,
Agar,Pectin.
DEFINATION:
 Carbohydrates are also called saccharides (Greek-
Sakckaron:sugar)
 Carbohydrates are chemically defined as polyhydric

alcohols with potentially active carbonyl group which

may either be aldehyde or ketone; they also include
those compounds which yield them on hydrolysis. OR
 Carbohydrates are also defined chemically as aldehyde

or ketone derivatives of the higher polyhydric alcohols

or compounds which yield these derivative on
O O
hydrolysis.
C
C
R H
R R1 ALDEHYDE
KETONE
 Carbohydrates are usually defined as:
“Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or
substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy
aldehydes or ketones”.

 Simple carbohydrates are also known as “sugars

or saccharides” (latin: saccharum = sugar).
INTRODUCTION:
Biological Significance of Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate is the most instant source of energy in
body.
-These are the most abundant compound found in nature.
-They occur as simple form (sugar) or in bound form
(mostly).
-The reducing carbon of a carbohydrate can attached to a
great variety of organic & inorganic substances.
-Glucose & galactose the prime source of energy in the
body, glycogen is the major storage form of energy in
body.
-Cellulose forms part of cell wall of plant cells.
Structural component of cell wall of bacteria
CLASSIFICATION
Depending upon the monomer units present in
the molecule, carbohydrates are classified as
I. Monosaccharides
II. Disaccharides
III. Oligosaccharides
IV. Polysaccharides
• The alpha carbon (α carbon)
in organic molecules refers to
the first carbon atom that
attaches to a functional group,
such as a carbonyl.
• The second carbon atom is
called the beta carbon
 i. MONOSACCHARIDES
(General Formula-CnH2On)
 Molecules having only one actual or potential sugar
group are called Monosaccharides.
Greek→Mono= one & Saccharide= Sugar
C6H12O6
a. Depending upon the number of
carbon atom;
They possesses as trioses, tetroses,
pentoses, hexoses.

b. Depending upon whether aldehyde

or ketones
are present as aldoses or ketoses.
Common Monosaccharides
No. Of Generic Name Aldoses Ketoses
Carbon atoms (with Aldehyde (with Keto Group)
Group)

3 Triose Glyceraldehde Dihydroxy-Acetone

4 Tetrose Erythrose Erythrulose

5 Pentose Xylose Ribulose

Ribose

6 Hexose Glucose Fructose

Galactose
Mannose
CARBOHYDRATE

 Glucose Fructose

• Glucose: Erythrocyte and brain cells utilize glucose

solely/specially for energy.
• Fructose (Laevoluse) is much sweeter than sucrose and
more reactive then glucose
 In Fructose, the keto group is on the 2nd
Carbon.
 Thus 2nd Carbon is anomeric Carbon
atom.
 Fructose has 4 isomers.
 Each of them has D & L forms with
regard to 5th Carbon atom
 Fructose has the same molecular
formula as glucose, But differs in
structural Formula.
 So Glucose and Fructose have
functional group (Aldose & Ketose)
ii. DISACCHARIDES
 Those sugar which yield two molecules of
same or different molecule of
monosaccharide on hydrolysis.
General Formula: Cn(H2O)n-1
e.g Maltose, lactose, sucrose, lactulose.

Maltose Sucrose
Examples
• Maltose yields 2 molecules of glucose
on hydrolysis.
• Lactose yields one molecule of
glucose and one molecule of
galactose on hydrolysis.
• Sucrose yields one molecule of
glucose and one molecule of fructose
on hydrolysis.
• Lactulose a ketodisaccharide
Lactulose= galactose and fructose
 Maltose Sucrose
 CARBOHYDRATE

 Reducing disaccharide contains at least one free

functional group & can reduce substances example is
Maltose & Lactose;
 while non-reducing disaccharide does not contain

any free functional group thus can not reduce any

substance example is Sucrose.
DISACCHARIDE
◦ Can be Reducing & Non-reducing type:
◦ Maltose & Lactose are reducing while
Sucrose is a non-reducing disaccharide.
◦ Maltose
It is also called Fruit Sugar
It is a malt-sugar, a reducing disaccharide
& on hydrolysis yield two Glucose
molecules, linkage is alpha (1→ 4)
glycosidic.
 Lactose
 Lactose It is a milk-sugar (in lactating
mammary gland) a reducing disaccharide
& on hydrolysis yield one Glucose
molecule & one Galactose molecule,
present in lactating mammary glands,
linkage is beta (β1→ 4) glycosidic.
 Sucrose It is a cane-sugar, a non-reducing
disaccharide &
 Sucrose is familiar to us as common table sugar
 on hydrolysis yield one Glucose molecule &

one Fructose molecule, linkage is alpha (1→ 2)

glycosidic. It is a source of energy for
spermatozoa
Why some D/S are reducing & some are
non-reducing sugar?
 Reducing Disaccharide:-
 The two M/S units in D/S are joined by glycosidic linkage
with the removal of water. If two F/group (aldehyde or
ketone) are not involved in glycosidic linkage & at least one
F/group is free, then such D/S can show reducing properties
& called reducing D/S e.g. MALTOSE & LACTOSE.
 Non-Reducing Disaccharide:- If glycosidic linkage in a

D/S is such that both F/group(alde/ketone) are involved &

hence no free F/group is available in D/S.
 Then such D/S cannot show the reducing properties or even

cannot form osazone crystals such D/S are called non-

reducing D/S “SUCROSE.”
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
 Those sugar which yields 3 to 10
monosaccharide unit on Hydrolysis e.g.
Maltotrioses(Maltotriose is
a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting
of three glucose molecules linked with α-
1,4 glycosidic bonds.
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
Biomedical Importance:

 Integral membrane proteins contain

covalently attached carbohydrate units,
oligosaccharides, on their extracellular
face.
 Many secreted proteins, such as
antibodies and coagulation factors also
contain oligosaccharide units
POLYSACCHARIDE
General Formula- (C6H10O5) n
 Are those Carbohydrates which on hydrolysis yield
more then 10-monosacharide unit, Polysaccharide are
the complex CHO and is a very large group which is
further sub-divided into two sub-groups
 (i) Homo-polysaccharide:
Polymer of same monosaccharide unit.
Example: Starch, glycogen, inulin, cellulose, dextrans,
dextrins.
 ii) Hetero-polysaccharide.
Polymer of different monosaccharide unit. e.g.
Mucopolysaccharides( glucoseamino glycans).
In 2nd type chemically non-carbohydrate substances are also
present that can be protein or lipids.
HOMO-POLYSACCHARIDE
HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES

Glucose Fructose Mannose

polymer polymer polymer

 Starch Inulin Mannan

Glycogen
 Dextrin
 Dextran
 Cellulose
 Dextrose
DERIVED CARBOHYDRATE
 Consist of those products which are derived from
CHO-by different chemical reactions it include the
following products.
 Oxidation products e.g. Gluconic, Glucoronic &
Glucaric acids.
 Reduction products e.g. polyhydroxyalcohol,
glycerol, sorbitol, & Ribitol
 Sugaramines e.g.Glucosamine,glactosamine.
 Deoxysugars e.g. Deoxyribose (DNA).
 Glycolipids e.g. Sulpholipid, Gangliolipid.
 Glycoproteins e.g. Hormones, Antibiotics, Plasma
proteins.
Pharmaceutical Importance
• Carbohydrates are used in pharmacy:
• For the preparation of simple syrup( sucrose).
• As diluents& binders for the preparation of tablets(lactose,
starch, gums) & for coating sugar-coated tablets(liquid glucose).
• For preparation of infants’ food (starch & dextrin).
• for preparation of sterile iv solutions(dextrose).
• In anti–diarrhea drugs (pectin).
• As laxatives (mucilage, lactulose),antacids(sucrlfate) or diuretic
drugs (manitol & sorbitol).
• As emulsifying agents(gums).
• As a nutrient media for both bacteria and tissue cultures (agar).
• In the preparation of surgical dressing(cellulose) &
plasters( gums).
• Some carbohydrate derivatives have various therapeutic use such
as ascorbic acid, glucosamine, dextran etc.
 Among CHO brain utilizes only glucose for its energy
requirement. Therefore it is important to maintain a
normal blood Glucose level because its deficiency may
result in brain damage and Coma
 All body tissues utilized glucose for energy but
especially erythrocytes & brain tissues solely depend
on glucose for their energy requirements.
 It is also present in many of the disaccharides &
polysaccharides.
 It is stored in body in the form of glycogen (a glucose
polymer) in liver & muscles.
 Normal blood glucose level is: Fasting=80-100 mg%
 Random= 100 -120 mg%
MANNOSE
 Mannose is an epimer of glucose at
C=2. It is also an aldohexose. In
body it is found as constituent of
glycoprotein.
 Does not found free in nature but in

combination as in a polysaccharide
called Mannan present in ivory-nut
contains mannose.
ivory-nut
D-FRUCTOSE
 A Ketohexose commonly called fruit-
sugar
 It occur free-in fruits
 “sweetest of all monosaccharides + more
reactive than glucose”
 Very sweetest sugar than glucose.
 It is more reactive then aldohexose
 Fructose is found free (in fruits) in
disaccharide (as sucrose) & in
polysaccharide (as inulin).
 It is major constituent of honey.
 Fructose is converted to glucose in the
liver.
Pharmaceutical Importance
 Carbohydrates are used in pharmacy:
 For the preparation of simple syrup( sucrose).
 As diluents& binders for the preparation of tablets(lactose,
starch, gums) & for coating sugar-coated tablets(liquid glucose).
 for preparation of infants’ food(starch & dextrin).
 for preparation of sterile iv solutions(dextrose).
 In anti –diarrhea drugs (pectin).
 As laxatives (mucilage, lactulose),antacids(sucrlfate) or diuretic
drugs (manitol & sorbitol).
 As emulsifying agents(gums).
 As nutrient media for both bacteria and tissue cultures (agar).
 In the preparation of surgical dressing(cellulose) &
plasters( gums).
 Some carbohydrate derivatives have various therapeutic use such
as ascorbic acid, glucosamine, dextran and others
 Because it is levo-rotatory sugar, it is also called
levulose.
 Male reproductive cells [spermatozoa] solely depend
on fructose for nutrition & energy.
 High quantities of fructose found in seminal fluids, in
seminiferous tubules
SUCROSE
 Sucrose is a ordinary table-sugar .
 Sweetest of all sugar
 Sucrose is the most widely occurring disaccharide
 Also called cane-sugar & invert sugar
 Main sucrose is juices of fruits , plants like sugar-beets
,sugar-cane , pineapple & other ripe fruits.
 Hydrolysis of sucrose by acid or by enzyme sucrase yield
glucose & fructose.
 The glycosidic linkage in sucrose α-1→2 because of this
linkage both F/group of glucose & fructose are involved .
hence no free F/ group in available.
 That’s why sucrose behave as a non-reducing sugar & also
not form osazone crystals.
INVERTED-SUGAR & INVERSION
 Inversion is a process of changing the rotation in such a way
that not only value but the direction of rotation is also change.
 Sucrose is the only CHO which shows inversion , hence it is
also called invert-sugar.
 Explanation:-
 Sucrose is a dextrorotatory (d or +ive sugar ) as it consist of
glucose & fructose both of which are d-sugar.
 But when sucrose is hydrolyzed fructose now changes from
furanose to pyranose form which is more relative & powerful
levorotatory(L or –ive sugar).
 That’s why hydrolytic product of sucrose behave as a L-
sugar.
 As sucrose changes its rotation from D to L. it is called
invert sugar.
Properties
 It has a sweetening power more than glucose and
less than fructose.
 On heating from 200 to 250oC, sucrose changes into

an amorphous brown substance known as caramel

(a decomposition product widely used as flavoring
and coloring matter).
 It gives positive results with cobalt nitrate test (violet).
 It does not reduce Fehling’s solution. It does not form

an osazone.
Uses of sucrose
In Pharmaceutical industries, sucrose is used in
syrup preparation and tablet manufacture. It is
used as nutrient and demulcent.
HONEY
Zoological origin:

Apis mellifera

Family:

Apidae

Description:

It is a saccharine secretion
deposited in the honey comb
by bee.
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Constituents:

Dextrose
Fructose
Sucrose
Volatile oils
Pigments
Pollen grain

Uses:

Nutrient
Sweetener
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CARAMEL
Source:

Sugar

Preparation:

Caramel is obtained by heating glucose or sugar with

alkali, alkaline carbonate or a trace of mineral acid until
sweet taste of sugar is destroyed and uniform dark
brown mass is formed.

Uses:

Coloring agent
42
 XYLOSE
Source:

Straws
Corn cobs
Family:
Gramineae
Preparation:
Xylose is obtained by boiling corn
cobs, straws or other such material
with dilute acid i.e. Hcl , to
hydrolyze the xylan polymer which
is broken down to yield xylose.
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Structure:

Uses:

Diagnostic agent disorders due to intestinal

malabsorption.
For example;
◦ Crohn’s disease
◦ Radiation enteritis
◦ Pellagra 44
 LIQUID GLUCOSE
Botanical origin:

Zea mays

Family:

Gramineae

Preparation:

Liquid glucose is prepared by controlled hydrolysis of

starch.
45
Constituents:

 Dextrose
 Dextrin
 Maltose
 Water

Uses:

 Sweetening agent
 Tablet binder
 Tablet coating agent
 Diluent

46
 FRUCTOSE
Source:

Fructose can be obtained from;

 Honey

 Sweet fruits

 Inulin

Structure:

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Preparation:

It is obtained by inversion of aqueous solution of sucrose

and
subsequent separation of fructose from glucose. When
sucrose is hydrolyzed, glucose and fructose are obtained in
equal quantities.

Uses:
 Electrolyte replenisher
 Fluid nutrient

48
 SUCROSE
Sucrose, a non-reducing sugar, is major product of plant
photosynthesis.

Sources:

Sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum )

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

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Maple Tree leaves
Preparation:

(i) Sugar beets

Beets are dug, washed and sliced into small, limp slices
known as “cossettes”. Sucrose and other soluble
constituents are extracted from plant material with hot
water. Crude sugar containing solution is subjected to
purification purpose.

(ii) Sugar cane

stems of sugar cane are crushed between series of

heavy iron rollers. It is boiled with lime to neutralize
plant acid. Boiling is done to coagulate albumin.

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 Coagulated albumin rises to the top as scum and is
removed. Juice is filtered. It is sometimes decolorized with
sulphur dioxide, concentrated and crystallized.

Structure:

52
Uses:

Sweetening agent
Preservative
Demulcent
Nutrient
Anti- oxidant
Coating agent

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 LACTOSE
Source:

Milk of Bos taurus

Preparation:

Whey is source of lactose. Lactose is crystallized from whey.

Impure crystals are redissolved in water. Charcoal is added
to decolorize. Recrystallization gives lactose.

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Structure:

Uses:

 Tablet diluent
 Tablet binder
 Nutrient
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 DEXTROSE
Source:

 Grapes and other fruits

 It can be obtained by hydrolysis of certain natural

glycosides.

Preparation:

Commercially, dextrose is obtained by controlled hydrolysis

of starch.

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Structure:

Uses:

 Nutrient
 Part of anti-coagulant solution
 Sweetening agent
 Tablet binder
 Coating agent

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 INULIN
Sources:

Inula helenium
Coneflower Echinacea spp
Taraxacum officinale
Dioscorea spp
Helianthus tuberosus
Allium cepa
Allium sativum etc

It occurs in the bulbs of onion and garlic

It is levorotatory and gives no colour with
iodine.

Uses:
 Fermentative identifying agent for bacteria
 Lab evaluation of renal function
 It has no dietary importance in human beings as inulinase is absent
in human
09/29/2021 59
• Inulin clearance, procedure by which the filtering
capacity of the glomeruli (the main filtering structures of
the kidney) is determined by measuring the rate at which
inulin, the test substance, is cleared from blood plasma.
• Inulin is the most accurate substance to measure because it
is a small, inert polysaccharide molecule that readily
passes through the glomeruli into the urine without being
reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
• The steps involved in this measurement, however, are
quite involved; consequently, inulin is seldom used in
clinical testing, although it is used in research. 
• Creatinine clearance (q.v.) is the more common procedure
used to assess renal function.
‫بیخ کاسن‬
‫ی‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 DEXTRIN
Sources:

Maize
Potato starch

Preparation:

Uses:

 Nutrient
 Adhesive for surgical dressing
 Binder
 Thickening agent
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DEXTRIN & DEXTRAN
 DEXTRIN: It is an intermediate product in
the hydrolysis of starch, present in leaves of
all starch producing plants, generally has
sweet-taste.
 DEXTRAN:
 It is formed from some micro-organisms like
Leuconotose mesenteroids (bacterial species sometimes
associated with fermentation) esp. when grown in sucrose
solution.

Leuconotose mesenteroids
 Dextran used as a medicine especially to
increase plasma volume because dextran is a
plasma expander. Inj. Hemacell (dextran) is
used in conditions of blood or fluid loss to
expand plasma volume & save patient’s life.
 STARCH
Sources:

Maize (Zea mays)

Wheat (Triticum turgidum)
Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Rice (Oryza sativa)

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Preparation:

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Structure:

Uses:

 Tablet disintegrant
 Absorbent
 Binder
 Emollient
 Antidote in codeine poisoning
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HETERO-POLYSACCHARIDE

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES

Mucopolysaccharides Mucilages

Hemicellulose
Agar
Vegetable Gum
Pectin
GUMS AND MUCILAGE

Gums are considered to be pathological

products formed following injury to the plant or
owing to unfavorable conditions, such as
drought, by a breakdown of cell walls (extra cellular
formation; gummosis).

• Mucilage’s are
generally normal products of metabolism,
formed within the cells of plants (intracellular
formation). Gums readily dissolve in water,
whereas, mucilage form slimy masses.
Mucilage’s are physiological products of
plants.
Gummosis is the formation of patches of a gummy substance on the
surface of certain plants, particularly fruit trees
AGAR
Source:

Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from a

polysaccharide that accumulates in the cell
walls of agarophyte red algae primarily from the 
Genera Gelidium 
Gracilaria, or seaweed (Sphaerococcus euchema).

For commercial purpose, it can be obtained from 

Gelidium amansii and
Gelidium cartilaginum.

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 Collection:

Algae is collected in the

summers, spread on beach
and bleached in sun.

 In winters, it is extracted by
using boiling water.
 A mucilaginous liquid is

separated by a cloth which is

then cooled
 and jelly is cut into strips. It is

sun dried. Water from the jelly

is removed by drying it at
35°C . Agar block is crushed
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Structure:

Agar consists of a mixture of agarose and agaropectin.

Uses:

Impression material in dentistry
Suspending and emulsifying agent
Tablet disintegrant
Encapsulating substance
Nutrient media for bacterial cultures
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PECTIN

Source:

Pectin is a purified
product obtained from
inner part of rind
(peel,husk) of
citrus fruits.

It may also be
Obtained from;
* Papaya
* Gentian
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RESERVED.
Collection:

It occurs in the middle lamella of cell wall, in an

insoluble form i.e. protopectin.

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Constituents:

Pectin is a complex polysaccharide, consisting of;

* D- galacturonic acid
* D- galactose
* L- rhamnose
* L- arabinose

Uses:

Treatment of diarrhea
Gelling agent
Emulsifying agent
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 SODIUM ALGINATE
Source:

 Sodium alginate is the

purified carbohydrate
product extracted from
Macrocystis pyrifera by
using dilute alkali.
 Giant kelp (Macrocystis

pyrifera) is a species of
marine alga found along the
Pacific coast of North
America
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 Macrocystis Pyrifera Extract is an
extract of a giant brown seaweed,
Macrocystis Pyrifera, found in the
Antarctic.
 According to research, sea kelp as a
whole is thought to be useful in skin
care products thanks to its high iodine,
vitamin and mineral content.
 It is considered an anti-septic and anti-
irritant that can not only heal sun-
damaged skin, but can prevent
wrinkles.
 It is also used in beauty products
because of its gelatinous quality that
adds shine to hair and glow to skin
Preparation:

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Constituents:

It consists of alginic acid.

Alginic acid is composed of;
* Mannuronic acid
* Glucuronic acid

Uses:

Suspending agent
Emulsifying agent
Stabilizing agent
Tablet binders
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ACACIA
Sources:

Acacia arabica
Acacia senegal

Family:

Leguminoseae

Part used:

Dried gummy exudates from

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 Collection:

 On the bark, a transverse incision is made and

cambium is exposed.
 Within a month, phloem cells are produced in cambium.

Gum tears are formed on this and these are collected in

leather bags.

For bleaching, gum is exposed to sun for 3-4months.

Cracks are formed on the outer surface of gum tears.
Finally tears are graded based on external appearance
and packed.

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Constituents:

 Calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of arabic acid

 Arabic acid, upon hydrolysis, yields arabinose and
galactose

Uses:
 Demulcent

 Emollient

 Tablet binder

 Suspending agent

 Emulsifying agent

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TRAGACANTH
Sources:

Astragalus gummifer

Family:

Leguminoseae

Part used:

Dried gummy exudate

obtained from incision
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 Collection:

Gum is produced in the plant cell by a process called

gummosis.
 It is a process in which pith and medullary rays of cell

wall are converted into gum.

 Incision is made on stem and gum is obtained as a soft

solid mass.
 When exposed to air, water in the gum evaporates, and

gum is dried.

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Constituents:

 Water soluble component “tragacanthin”

 Water insoluble component “bassorin”
 Polysaccharides (Arabinose and Lactose)
 Starch
 Cellulose
 Water

Uses:

 Suspending agent
 Emulsifiers
 Stabilizer
 Emollient
 demulcent
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Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
PURIFIED COTTON

Source:

Gossypium hirsutum

Part used:

Seed hair

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 Production:

 Capsules of plant are called bolls.

 These consist of numerous seeds and hairs attached with seed
coat.
 When ripen, bolls are collected. Hair are separated from seeds.
 Hairs contain various impurities and oil globules.
 Raw cotton is put in sodium hydroxide solution and then
washed with water.
 Bleaching is done by means of chlorinated lime.
 After bleaching, cotton is washed and dried.

Uses:
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CELLULOSE
 It is the most abundant CHO present on earth & a chief
organic matter of world.
 It is mainly present in plant kingdom like cotton, wood
etc. but also found in some animals too.
 It is a homo-polysaccharide consist of about 2500
glucose units, having only alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage,
provides bulk to the food but not-digestible due to
absence of enzyme cellulase in human gut.
Biomedical Importance
 It serves to satisfy the hunger & stimulates the
peristalsis.
 Elimination of indigestible food residues.
 CELLULOSE

Source:

 Cellulose is the structural component of the primary cell

wall of green plants, many forms of algae and
the oomycetes.
 Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.

 About 33% of all plant matter is cellulose (the cellulose

content of cotton is 90% and that of wood is 40–50%).

 For industrial use, cellulose is mainly obtained from wood

pulp and cotton.
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Constituents:

Cellulose is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain

of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4) linked D-
glucose units.

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 METHYL CELLULOSE
 Methyl cellulose is a derivative of cellulose.

 It is a hydrophilic white powder in pure form and

dissolves in cold water, forming a clear viscous solution or
gel.

It is used as;
Lubricant
Thickener
Emulsifier
It is often added to hair shampoos, tooth pastes and
liquid soaps, to generate their characteristic thick
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 CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE
 Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) also called cellulose
gum, is a cellulose derivative.

 It contains carboxy methyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to

some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose
monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
 It is often used as its sodium salt,sodium carboxy methyl

cellulose.

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Synthesis:

It is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of
cellulose with chloroacetic acid. 

Uses:

It is used as;
Viscosity modifier
Stabilizer
Cation exchange resin in ion exchange chromatography

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CELLULOSE MICROCRYSTALLINE

Microcrystalline cellulose refers to refined wood pulp.

It is used as;

 An anti-caking agent, an extender, bulking agent 

in food production. 
 The most common form is used in vitamin
supplements or tablets.
 It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses,
as an alternative to carboxy methyl cellulose.
It is used as diluent in pharmaceutical preparations.

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Hyaluronic acid & Heparin sulfate
 Hyaluronic acid
Found in joints space for lubrication & movements,
also found in vitreous humor of the eye for proper
functioning of eye, occur both as free & combine form,
present in ground substance, forms part of intercellular
cement substance & prevents damage, chemically it
consists of N-acetyl-glucosamine & Glucoronic Acid.

 Hyaluronic acid
 Heparin sulfate
It is an anti-coagulant found in liver, spleen,
lungs, thymus & blood. On hydrolysis it
gives one molecule of each D-Glucosamine,
D-Glucoronic acid and 2 or more molecules
of H2SO4, correctly it is an alpha-heparin.