MANUFACTURED

SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
BY: NUR ADRIANA FILZAH BT
MUHD KHAR MUNZAKAR
WHAT IS AN ALLOY ?

• A mixture of two or more elements where the

main element is a metal

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ALLOYS

MANUFACTURING OF ALLOYS

MANUFACTURING OF ALLOYS

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EXAMPLES OF ALLOY
• Stainless steel • Duralumin
• Pewter • Brass
• Bronze • Steel

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DURALUMIN

COMPOSITION  Stronger than pure aluminium

 Low density
Manganese
Magnesium
Copper  Does not rust
3%3% 1%

USES OF DURALUMIN

 Body of aeroplanes
 Electric cables
Aluminium
93%
 Racing bicycles

Aluminium Copper Magnesium Manganese

 BRONZE BRASS

Properties : Properties:
• Stronger than pure copper • Stronger than pure copper
• Does not rust • Does not rust
• Shiny • Shiny

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 • Stronger than pure tin
• Does not rust
• Shiny
Pewter

Stainless steel
• Stronger than pure iron
• Resistangt to corrosion

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Steel

There are 3 types of

steel,which are low-
carbon steel,average-
carbon steel and hgh-
Stronger and harder carbon steel

Also known as carbon Malleable

steel

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Experiment

1. The nail are rubbed using sandpaper to

remove rust.
2. The iron nail is placed in a test tube A,the
steel nail is in the test tube B and the stainless
steel in the test tube C.
3. A 5% jelly solution is prepared by adding 5g
of jelly into 100cm3 of boiling water.Afew
drops of hexacyanoferrate(lll) are then added
to the solution
4. The hot jelly solution is poured into 3 test
tubes until the nail is fully immersed.
5. The test tubes are left for three days.The
intensity of blue colour are observed.
6. All observations are recorded in the table.

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 HEAT CHEMICALLY
INSULATOR INERT

GLASS ELECTRICA
L
INSULATOR
BASIC
PROPERTIE WATERPROOF
S OF GLASS
HARD BUT
BRITTLE TRANSPARENT

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TYPE OF GLASS

SODA LIME BORROSILLICATE FUSED GLASS LEAD GLASS

• Good chemical
• Good chemical durability
durability
• Low thermal expansion
• High of expansion but
cannot with stand heat • Resistant to heat when
heated to high
temperature
• Optically transparent • High refractive index
• Chemical durability and density
• Low thermal expansion
• Glittering
• Can be heated to high temperature appearance
and resistance to thermal shock

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MAIN COMPONENT OF GLASS
Silica requires high temperature
around 1800 degree Celcius to
melt.Hence, fused silica glass has a
high melting point.This glass does not
expand nor contract much when there
is a large change in temperature.Fused
silica glass is suitable to be used in
making telescope lens.
Soda lwers the melting point of the
silica.Hnece,soda glass has a low
melting point around 1000 degree
Celcius.This glass is easily moulded
and used to make glass containers such
as bottles and jugs.However,this glass
cannot withstand high temperature and
can easily crack when subjected to
sudden temperature change.
Many laboratory glassware such as
beakers and flasks are made from
borosilicate glass because of its
resistance to heat.These glassware do
not easily crack when subjected to
thermal stress because of its low
expansion coefficient.Borosillicate
glass can be removed from the
refrigerator and heated immediately
without cracking.
Lead replaces calcium to produce glass
that is softer and denser.Lead glass is
heavier and high refractive index.This
glass is suitable to be used in making
prisms.
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CERAMICS
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

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