BUILDING MATERIAL AND

CONSTRUCTION

NAME- Sakshi soni SUBMITTED TO-

SEMESTER- Sem-3 Ar. Eeshan Vairagkar
YEAR- 2nd Ar. Raina Rai
ROLL NO.- 0010
 CORROSION

The term corrosion is defined as an act or process of gradual

wearing away of a metal due to chemical or electro-chemical
reactions by its surroundings such that the metal is converted into
an oxide, salt or some other compound.
In other words, corrosion indicates the deuteriation and loss
of material due to chemical attack.
  CHEMICAL ACTION
THEORY OR DIRECT
THEORIES 
CORROSION
ELECTROLYTIC THEORY
OF OR ELECTROCHEMICAL
THEORY
CORROSION  GALVANIC ACTION
THEORY
 HIGH-TEMPERATURE
OXIDATION
 CHEMICAL ACTION THEORY OR
DIRECT CORROSION
 The direct corrosion is the simplest corrosion produced by means of a chemical attack and it
includes oxidation in which the oxygen of the atmosphere combines with all or a part of the
surface of material.
 Following chemical reactions involved in corrosion
Fe + O + 2CO2 + H2O = Fe(HCO3)2
2Fe(HCO3)2 + O = 2Fe(OH)CO3 + 2CO2 + H2O
Fe(OH)CO3 + H2O =Fe(OH)3 + CO2
 The combined action of oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture on steel results in soluble ferrous
bicarbonate Fe(HCO3)2. this ferrous bicarbonate is then oxidised to basic ferric carbonate
2Fe(OH)CO3. this basic ferric carbonate is converted into hydrated ferric oxide and carbon
dioxide is liberated.
 ELECTROLYTIC THEORY OR
ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION
 This is the commonly excepted theory of corrosion. According to this theory the corrosion
takes place due to chemical reaction in combination with electrolysis. It takes place at or
near the room temperature when the metal comes into contact with moisture or with
aqueous solutions of salt, acids or bases. For electrochemical corrosion to occur, the
following conditions should be satisfied simultaneously:
I. There should be an electrolyte.
II. The current should be passing through the circuit.
III. There should be a difference of potential between a metal and its surrounding or
between different parts of the same metal.
IV. The circuit must be closed.
 GALVANIC ACTION
THEORY
The galvanic corrosion
occurs when two dissimilar
metals are in electrical contact
with each other and are
exposed to an electrolyte.
HIGH-
TEMPERATURE
OXIDATION
 The rusting of ferrous
alloys at high temperatures
forms scales and oxides. It
indicates high temperature
dry corrosion.
 CAUSES OF CORROSION

 Congested reinforcement in small concrete  Permeability of concrete which depends on

sections. various factors such as water-cement ratio, size
 Excessive water-cement ratio. of aggregate, curing, grading of aggregates, etc.
 Improper construction methods.
 Presence of moisture in concrete.
 Inadequate design procedure.
 Presence of salt.
 Incompetent supervising staff or contractor.
 Type of atmospheric conditions surrounding
the region of concrete.
 Initially rusted reinforcement before placing
concrete.
 Unequal distribution of oxygen over the steel
surface.
 Insufficient cover to steel from exposed
concrete surface.
 Weak and porous cover blocks which are tied
directly to the reinforcement or stirrups, etc.
 Poor workmanship
 EFFECT OF CORROSION

 The action of corrosion of steel in concrete is very slow and except

under exceptional circumstances, such however be remembered
that action of corrosion becomes more intensive when it is
combined with adverse effects of internal and external stresses.
 One important effect of corrosion is the formation of cracks and
these cracks usually progress or advance most rapidly where the
shearing stresses are the greatest and where the slipping occurs
due to loss of bond.
 PREVENTION OF CORROSION

 The steel is most liable to corrosion and hence the study of steel corrosion is of paramount
importance. To minimise the chances of development of corrosion of steel in concrete, the
following preventive measures may be taken:
 Avoiding heavily congested reinforcement especially at the intersection of beams and columns.
 Avoiding the steel to come into contact with bricks, soil, wood and porous non-alkaline
materials.
 Avoiding the use of materials which accelerate the process of corrosion i.e. aggregates with
high salt contents, water containing salts, etc.
 Cleaning the reinforcement with wire-brush to remove the rust scales before placing of
concrete.
 Maintaining a high degree of workmanship.
 Proper structural design with due provision of cover.
 Providing cathodic protection to the reinforcement by some suitable
method.
 Providing surface coatings with paints, tars, asphalts, etc.
 Use of high quality and impermeable concrete.
 Using stone pebbles in place of badly made cover blocks.
 Using the correct water-cement ratio, etc.
 It is found that the sea water does not
lead to the corrosion of reinforcement,
provided the concrete is dense and there
is enough cover to the reinforcement.
CORROSION IN The minimum cement content for
concrete permanently under sea water
REINFORCEMENT should be 3KN per m3 and the
minimum cover over the reinforcement
should be 75mm. However it is not
advisable to take the risks of corrosion
of reinforcement for prestressed
concrete and hence the sea water should
not be used for making the prestressed
concrete.
 FERROUS MATERIALS

 Simply, ferrous materials contain Iron.

 Some common ferrous metals include alloy steel, carbon steel, cast iron and wrought iron.
 These materials are prized for their tensile strength and durability.
 Carbon steel- also known as structure steel- is a staple in the construction industry and is used in the tallest
skyscrapers and longest bridges.
 The are also used in shipping containers, industrial piping, automobiles, railroad tracks and many
commercial and domestic tools.
 They have high carbon content which generally makes them vulnerable to rust when exposed to moisture.
 Wrought iron resist rust due to its purity and stainless steel is protected from rust due to presence of
chromium.
 They are magnetic which makes them very useful for motor and electrical applications.
 STEEL
 It is made by adding iron to carbon
which hardens the iron.
 Alloy steel becomes even tougher
as other elements like chromium
and nickel are introduced.
 It is widely used in construction
and manufacturing industries.
CARBON STEEL
 It has higher carbon content in
comparison to other types of steel
making it exceptionally hard.
 Used in manufacturing of machine
tools, drills, blades, taps, and
springs.
 It can keep a sharp cutting edge.
 ALLOY STEEL
 It incorporates elements such
as chromium, nickel,
titanium to impart greater
strength and durability
without increasing weight.
 It is used in construction,
machine tools, and electrical
components.
CAST IRON WROUGHT IRON
It is an alloy made from  Alloy with low carbon content.
iron, carbon, and silicon.  Due to manufacturing some slag is
It is brittle, hard and added into it which gives it a strong
resistance to corrosion and
resistant to wear.
oxidation.
Used in water pipes,  Low in hardness.
machine tools,
 Used for fencing & railings,
automobiles engines and
agricultural implements, nails,
stove. barbed wire, chains, and ornaments.
 NON-FERROUS MATERIALS

 non ferrous materials have been used since the beginning of civilization.
 It includes aluminium, copper, zinc, and tin as well as gold and silver.
 They are malleable.
 Due to no iron content, they have high resistance to rust and corrosion and
making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor sighs.
 Used for many electronic and wiring applications.
 ALUMINIUM
 It is light weight, soft and low strength.
 It is easily cast, forged, machined and
welded.
 Not suitable for high-temperature
environments.
 Good for manufacturing aircrafts and
food cans.
 Used in castings, pistons, railways,
cars, and kitchen utensils.
COPPER
 it is red in colour, highly ductile,
malleable and high conductivity for
electricity and heat.
 Used in principally used in
electrical industry in the form of
wire and other conductors.
 Also used in sheet roofing, cartridge
cases, statutes, and bearings.
 Also used in making brass.
 LEAD ZINC TIN
 It is soft, heavy,  Low strength metal  Soft and malleable,
malleable metal with a with low melting ductile with low
low melting point and point. tensile strength.
low tensile strength.
 Used in  Used to coat steel to
 Used in electrical galvanizing(to apply prevent corrosion.
power cables, a protective zinc
batteries, building  Tinplate steel is used
coating to iron or to make tin cans to
construction(roof,
steel to prevent rust). hold food.
cornices and tank
linings) and soldering.
THANK YOU