Cellular and Mobile

Communication
Lecture 1
Introduction to Wireless Communication
What is Wireless Communication ?
Transmitting / receiving voice and data using EM
waves in free space
Within a well defined band or channel
Each channel has fixed bandwidth and capacity (bit
rate)
Different channels can be independently used to
transmit information
Channels are separated by filter banks at receivers

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Example
User A and user B are connected by 4 parallel channels
each of band 30 kHz
Total bandwidth of the channel is 120 kHz
30 kHz
30 kHz
USER - A USER - B
30 kHz

30 kHz

Capacity of the channel is 120 kbps (if binary modulation is

used)
Interference ? - - - guard band
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Types of Wireless Communication
Mobile
Cellular phones : GSM, CDMA2000
Portable
WiFi (IEEE 802.11b)
UWB (IEEE 802.15.3)
Fixed
Wireless MAN (IEEE 802.16)

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Frequency bands for wireless applications
FM Radio : 88 MHz to 108 MHz
TV Broadcast : 200 MHz to 500 MHz
GSM : 900 MHz
GPS : 1.2 GHz
PCS : 1.8 GHz
Bluetooth : 2.4 GHz
WiFi : 2.4 GHz

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EM Spectrum - applications

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Time-line of wireless communication
J.C. Maxwell proposed his theory (1831 – 1879)
Heinrich Hertz validated the theory (1859 – 1894)
Marconi developed the first telegraphic instrument (1901)
Before that J.C. Bose demonstrated by turning on/off
lights wirelessly (1895)
First TV broadcast in 1928
First cellular phone at early 80’s

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Why wireless communication
Freedom from wires
Global coverage
Stay connected
Flexibility in mobility & multiple access

Wireless system does not mean mobile alone !!

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Challenges in Wireless Communication
Efficient hardware
Efficient use of finite radio spectrum
Integrated services (voice, data, etc.)
User mobility
Quality of service / experience
Connectivity and coverage
Cost
Channel impacts – fading
Security

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Wireless System: Range Comparison

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Simplified Wireless Communication System

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 Current wireless
Systems
Emerging
 wireless
Cellular systems Ad-hoc wireless
Systems
Wireless LANs (IEEE networks
802.11a,b,n Sensor networks
Satellite Systems Distributed control
Personal Area Networks networks
(Bluetooth, Zigbee) Ultra Wideband systems

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Ad-Hoc Networks
Peer to peer communication
No backbone infrastructure
Routing by multihop
Each node is a router
Dynamic topology
Fully connected with different links
Flexible network
Cross layer design is challenging
Energy constraint impose on design tradeoff

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Sensor networks
 Nodes powered by rechargeable
batteries
 Data flows to centralized location
 Per node data rate is low for
1000’s of nodes
 Data is high correlated in time and
space
 Nodes can cooperate in
transmission, reception,
compression and signal
processing

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Distributed control over Wireless Links
Automated vehicles
Cars
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
Insect flyers

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Ultra Wide Band Systems
Higher data rate 100 Mbps
Transmits ultra low power radio signals with narrow pulses
Because of its low power it’s difficult to detect – secure
Low interference
No need for a license to operate
Applications
 Communications : short / medium range communication links
 Intelligent sensors: telemetry, motion detectors, intelligent
transport systems
 Radars : ground penetrating radars, imaging and ranging
 Others : medical application

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 Class Quiz !
Take 5 minutes to answer !

https://forms.gle/BEtgssxxUE9c2Y2d9

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Spectrum Regulation – standards
CCIR (Consultative Committee on International Radio)
 Study group for radio spectrum usage
Radio Communication Sector ITU-R
 World conferences, radio regulations
Telecommunication Standardization Sector ITU-T
 All worldwide wire line and wireless standards
 IEEE standards are often accepted

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Thank you