Non- destructive Testing

ME 413 MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND TESTING

ME -
3112

Golindang, Sharra
Paña, Philip R.
 What is NDT?
Non-destructive Testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques
used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material,
component or system without causing damage.
Or the use of noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a
material, component or structure”.
In other words, “Inspect or measure without doing harm.”
DIFFERENT NDT METHODS
Reasons of conducting
• Dye Penetration Test Non-destructive testing

• Ultrasonic Test
• Components are not destroyed
• Magnetic Particle Test • Can test for internal flaws
• Useful for valuable components
• Radiography Test • Can test components that are in
use
• Eddy Current Test
1. Dye Penetrant Inspection
The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous
materials. LPI is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface
defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products,
and fatigue cracks on in-service components.

Types of penetrant materials

• Fluorescent penetrants contain a dye or several dyes that fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet
radiation.
• Visible penetrants do not require a darkened area and an ultraviolet light in order to make an
inspection.
 • Procedure
i. Cleaning the surface
ii. Drying the surface
iii. Applying dye-penetrant on
clean and dry surface.
iv. Removal of excess
penetrant
v. Applying developer on
surface
 ADVANTAGES OF DYE PENETRANT
TESTING

Simplicity of Suitable for automatic testing, Quantative.

operation with reservation concerning
Best method for
viewing. (See automatic defect
surface breaking
recognition in Magnetic
cracks in non-ferrous
Particle Inspection)
metals.
 DISADVANTAGES OF DYE
PENETRANT TESTING

Surface cleaning
before and after
Decreased inspection
Restricted to sensitivity
surface breaking
defects only
2. Ultrasonic Test (UT)
This technique is used for the detection of internal and surface (particularly distant surface) defects in
sound conducting materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the
thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.

Ultrasonic Inspection is carried out by

inducing an ultrasound into a part through a
contacting probe, then analyzing the sound
after it has travelled through the part. The
sound waves are displayed on a oscilloscope
and interpreted by the operator. This type of
inspection is best used for detecting
subsurface defects, but can also detect
surface defects.
Equipmen
t
two methods of receiving the ultrasound waveform
reflection (or pulse-echo) mode, the transducer performs both the sending and the receiving of the pulsed waves as the
"sound" is reflected back to the device.
attenuation (or through-transmission) mode, a transmitter sends ultrasound through one surface, and a separate receiver
detects the amount that has reached it on another surface after traveling through the medium.
Advantages

• High penetrating power, which allows the detection of flaws deep in the part.
• High sensitivity, permitting the detection of extremely small flaws.
• Only one surface needs to be accessible.
• Greater accuracy than other nondestructive methods in determining the depth
of internal flaws and the thickness of parts with parallel surfaces.
• Some capability of estimating the size, orientation, shape and nature of defects.
• Non hazardous to operations or to nearby personnel and has no effect on
equipment and materials in the vicinity
Disadvantages

• Manual operation requires careful attention by experienced technicians.

• Extensive technical knowledge is required for the development of inspection
procedures.
• Parts that are rough, irregular in shape, very small or thin, or not homogeneous are
difficult to inspect.
• Surface must be prepared by cleaning and removing loose scale, paint, etc., although
paint that is properly bonded to a surface need not be removed.
• Couplants are needed to provide effective transfer of ultrasonic wave energy
between transducers and parts being inspected unless a non-contact technique is
used.
3. Magnetic Particle Inspection
• This method is suitable for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities in
magnetic material, mainly ferritic steel and iron.
• In dry method of inspection special fine ferromagnetic is applied on surface.
• This test is a very fast method of inspection and often used to test aerospace
components and automobile parts.
• This test is generally used to
detect internal cracks like
shrinkage cavities, hot tears, zones
of corrosion and non-metallic
inclusions.
Equipment
Procedure

• Cleaning Surface 2. Magnetization 3. Appplication of

ferromagnetic Powder

4. Remove excess 5. Observation and

6. Demagnetization
Inspection
Advantages

• Can find both surface and near sub-surface defects

• Some inspection formats are extremely portable and low cost
• Rapid inspection with immediate results
• Indications are visible to the inspector directly on the specimen surface
• Can inspect parts with irregular shapes (external splines, crankshafts,
connecting rods, etc.)
Disadvantages

• The specimen must be ferromagnetic (e.g. steel, cast iron)

• Paint thicker than about 0.005" must be removed before

inspection

• Post cleaning and post demagnetization is often necessary

• Alignment between magnetic flux and defect is important

4. Radiography Testing

• Radiographic Testing is a method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using

the ability of short wavelength electromagnetic radiation (high energy photons) to
penetrate various materials.
• This technique is suitable for the detection of internal defects in ferrous and
nonferrous X-rays, generated electrically, and Gamma rays emitted from radioactive
isotopes, are penetrating radiation which is differentially absorbed by the material
through which it passes; the greater the thickness, the greater the absorption.
Furthermore, the denser the material the greater the absorption.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Material with internal voids is
tested by placing the subject
between the source of
radiation and the film. The
voids show as darkened areas,
where more radiation has
reached the film, on a clear
background. The principles
are the same for both X and
Gamma radiography.
 Advantages of Radiography

Sensitivity declared
Information is on each film. Suitable for any
presented pictorially. Useful for thin material
A permanent record is
sections
provided which may be
viewed at a time and
place distant from the test
Disadvantages of Radiography

Film processing and

viewing facilities are
Not suitable for
Generally an inability automation, unless
Need to direct the necessary, as is an
the system
to cope with thick exposure compound.
Possible health beam accurately for incorporates
sections
hazard. two-dimensional fluoroscopy with an
defects. image intensifier or
other electronic aids
5. Eddy Current Testing
• Basic Principle:- When coil carrying alternating current is brought near
metallic specimen, eddy currents are developed in specimen due to
electromagnetic induction.
• Magnitude of induced EMI depend on-
i. Magnitude and frequency of alternating current flowing in coil.
ii. Electrical conductivity of specimen.
iii. Magnetic permeability of specimen.
iv. Shape of specimen
v. Relative positions of coil and specimen
vi. Microstructure and hardness of specimen.
vii. Amount and type of defects in the specimen.
Advantages

• Test is quick and less time consuming

• test can be automated easily

• Permanent record of test results can be easily available

• Test is versatileand can be used for various applications.

Disadvantages
• The instrument standardization and calibration is necessary from time to time

• Instruments and display units are costly

• Test can be applied to components of limited size and shape

Thank you!
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