Respiratory System

Done By: Daniella Dhanesar

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WHAT IS THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

The respiratory system is a system in the

human body that consists of organs and
tissues involved in the uptake of oxygen
from the atmosphere and the release of
carbon dioxide. This gas exchange process
is also called breathing or external
respiration
 HOW DOES THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM WORK?
When you breathe in, the diaphragm
moves downward toward the
abdomen, and the rib muscles pull the
ribs upward and outward. This makes
the chest cavity bigger and pulls air
through the nose or mouth into the
lungs and in exhalation, the diaphragm
moves upward and the chest wall
muscles relax, causing the chest cavity
to get smaller and push air out of
respiratory system through the nose or
mouth
To get the oxygen your body needs, you inhale air through your mouth
and nose. The mucous membranes in your mouth and nose warm and
moisten the air, and trap particles of foreign matter .The air passes
through the throat into the trachea which divides into the left and right
bronchi and the bronchus divides again and again, becoming
narrower. The smallest airways end in the alveoli which are small,
thin air sacs that are arranged in clusters like bunches of balloons.
When you breathe in by enlarging the chest cage, the alveoli expand
as air rushes in to fill the vacuum. When you breathe out, the alveoli
relax and air moves out of the lungs. Oxygen moves across the walls
of the air sacs and is picked up by the blood and carried to the rest of
the body. Carbon dioxide or waste gas passes into the air sacs from
the blood and is breathed out.
ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS
 ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS
The lungs are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are
connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi;
on the inferior surface, the lungs are bordered by the
diaphragm. The diaphragm is the flat, dome-shaped
muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic
cavity. The lungs are enclosed by the pleurae, which
are attached to the mediastinum. The right lung is
shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung
occupies a smaller volume than the right. The cardiac
notch is an indentation on the surface of the left lung,
and it allows space for the heart. The apex of the lung
is the superior region, whereas the base is the
opposite region near the diaphragm. The costal
surface of the lung borders the ribs. The mediastinal
surface faces the midline
The right lung consists of three lobes:
the superior, middle, and inferior lobes.
The left lung consists of two lobes: the
superior and inferior lobes. A
bronchopulmonary segment is a
division of a lobe, and each lobe
houses multiple bronchopulmonary
segments. Each segment receives air
from its own tertiary bronchus and is
supplied with blood by its own artery.
 PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
The UPPER respiratory tract
1)Mouth and nose-Air enters and leaves the lungs
through the mouth and nostrils of the nose.
2)Nasal cavity- Air passes from the nose into the
nasal cavity, and then the lungs.
3)Pharynx (Throat)- Air from the mouth is sent to
the lungs via the throat.
4)Larynx(Voice Box)- This part of the throat helps air
to pass into the lungs and keeps out food and drink.
 PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
The LOWER respiratory tract
1)Lungs-Carries out respiration
2)Trachea- Air passage that helps moisten and warms the air for the
lungs, the trachea also protects the respiratory system from foreign
matter
3)Bronchi- Helps distribute the air to the gas exchanging zone of the
lungs.
4)Bronchioles-  delivers air to the 300 million alveoli and assist in
carrying oxygen to the blood
5)Aveloi - this is where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and
carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out
6) Diaphragm: The diaphragm is the main respiratory muscle that
contracts and relaxes to allow air into and out of the lungs
 Diseases and Conditions associated with the
Respiratory System
• Asthma
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Lung cancer
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary edema
• Coronavirus diseases
 Asthma
Asthma is a chronic (long-term) condition that affects the airways in the lungs.
During an asthma attack, the airways will swell, the muscles around them will
tighten, and it becomes difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs
 Asthma
Causes: The most common causes of an asthma flare up are infection, exercise, allergens, and
air pollution

Risks: chronic inflammation of the airway, lung scarring, obesity

Clinical manifestations: Shortness of breath, chest pains, wheezing, rapid breathing, coughing,
anxiety and respiratory viruses

Diagnostic procedures: 1)FeNO test – you breathe into a machine that measures the level of
nitric oxide in your breath, which is a sign of inflammation in your lungs. 2) spirometry – you
blow into a machine that measures how fast you can breathe out and how much air you can
hold in your lungs and 3)peak flow test – you blow into a handheld device that measures how
fast you can breathe out, and this may be done several times over a few weeks to see if it
changes over time

Treatment: Inhalers, steroid tablets, Leukotriene receptor antagonists and Nebulizer

 Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is long-term inflammation of the bronchi causing them to
make large amounts of mucus and can lead to a chronic cough and breathing
problems
 Chronic Bronchitis
Causes: long-term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and airways e.g.. cigarette
smoking.

Risks: If untreated Pneumonia may occur

Clinical manifestations: Constant Coughing, Coughing up mucus, Wheezing and Chest

discomfort

Diagnostic procedures: 1)Chest X-ray — Chest X-rays can help confirm a diagnosis of
chronic bronchitis and rule out other lung problems.
2)Sputum Examination — Analysis of cells in your sputum (mucus) can help pinpoint the
cause of some lung problems.

Treatment:  fluoroquinolone antibiotics, Albuterol inhalers

 Lung cancer
Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. When a person has lung cancer,
they have abnormal cells that cluster together to form a tumor. cancer cells grow
without order or control, destroying the healthy lung tissue around them
 Lung cancer
Causes: Smoking, Exposure to secondhand smoke, Previous radiation therapy, Exposure to
radon gas, Exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens, Family history of lung cancer

Risks: Metastasis, Death

Clinical manifestations: Constant coughing, expectorate of blood, Hoarseness, Loss of

appetite, Unexplained weight loss, Shortness of breath, Feeling tired or weak.

Diagnostic procedures: CT scan, Lung biopsy, Bronchoscopy, sputum cytology

Treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of

these treatments
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames your lungs' air sacs (alveoli). The air
Pneumonia
sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as a cough, fever,
chills and trouble breathing
 Pneumonia
Causes: Bacteria and viruses- germs can settle in the alveoli and multiply after a person
breathes them in. Pneumonia can be contagious. The bacteria and viruses that cause
pneumonia are usually inhaled.

Risks: pleural effusion, empyema, death

Clinical manifestations: Cough, which may produce greenish, yellow or even bloody mucus,
Fever, sweating, shaking chills, Shortness of breath, Rapid, shallow breathing, Sharp or
stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough, Loss of appetite, low
energy, and fatigue.

Diagnostic procedures: Chest X-Tray, Blood Tests, Sputum test- A sample of fluid from your
lungs is taken after a deep cough and analyzed to help pinpoint the cause of the infection,
Pulse oximetry- This measures the oxygen level in your blood. Pneumonia can prevent your
lungs from moving enough oxygen into your bloodstream.

Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, oral anti-biotics

 Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid
collects in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe
 Pulmonary edema
Causes: congestive heart failure, near drowning, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Blood
clot in the lungs, drug overdose, High altitudes and exposure to toxics

Risks: Heart failure, Damaged lungs, death

Clinical manifestations: dyspnea, suffocating when lying down, coughing, wheezing and cold
skin

Diagnostic procedures: Pulse oximetry, Chest CT and X-Tray, Blood Test,

Electrocardiogram, Ultrasound of the lungs

Treatment: Diuretics, Inotropes, Blood pressure drugs, supplemental oxygen

 Coronavirus diseases
Coronavirus disease is from a large family of viruses that are capable of causing
illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle
East respiratory syndrome.
 Coronavirus diseases
Causes: Coronavirus is caused but the contracting of a foreign and dangerous virus that breaks
down the human immune system. This is highly contagious,

Risks: Damaged organs, pneumonia, death

Clinical manifestations: fever, dry cough, tiredness, aches and pains, sore throat, diarrhea,
conjunctivitis, headache, loss of taste or smell, a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or
toes

Diagnostic procedures: A viral test-nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) and antigen tests.

Treatment: corticosteroid-Dexamethasone, supplemented oxygen, ventilator, antibiotics, self

isolation.
Though there are many other respiratory diseases
these were the most common. Nonetheless it is
important that we keep our lungs healthy
because it’s the main organ need for our life.
Here are some points on how to keep a healthy
respiratory system

•Don’t Smoke
•Exercise regular
•Avoid breathing in a lot of toxins and environmental smoke
•Eat healthy
•Wash your hands regular
•Get a check up annually
THIS IS THE END OF MY PRESENTATION

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