00.

Agenda

1. Discuss the physics of external and internal pressure loading on a

cylinder wall
2. How does it apply to risers and coiled tubing
 01. Internal Pressure
•Resolving
  Forces:

Lateral Force

¿  𝑅 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 𝑑  𝜑 The contained fluid exerts a lateral force

equal to the internal pressure multiplied by
the cross-section multiplied by the
curvature and acts towards the outside of
the curve (i.e. the extrados)
Fluid force is
compressive
2
𝜋 𝐷 𝑖 𝑃𝑖
¿ 
4
 01. Internal Pressure

• The lateral force/thrust component is transmitted to the pipe.

• The thrust increases with pipe curvature, which increases the pipe
deflection. Hence, the lateral force is a destabilising force.
• There is always some small initial curvature.
01. Internal Pressure

•Resolving
  Forces:

Lateral force
𝑑  𝜑
The restoring force is the pressure end load
multiplied by the curvature and acts
towards the inside of the curve (i.e. the
intrados)
Pressure end load
(tensile)
𝜐 𝐷 𝑖 𝑃𝑖
¿  ( 𝜋 𝐷𝑖 𝑡 ) ∙𝑑𝑠
2𝑡
 02. External Pressure
Destabilising force
The pressure of the external fluid effects a
compressive pressure end load resulting in a
destabilizing lateral force.
The external fluid also exerts a lateral force
equal to the pressure multiplied by the
𝑑  𝜑
outer area multiplied by the curvature and
acts towards the inside of the curve (i.e. the
intrados)

Pressure end load

(compressive)
 03. Rationalising the above
• Internal and external pressures acting on the walls of pipe create lateral forces
• Internal pressure: destabilising (creates greater bending)
• External pressure: stabilising (straightens the cylinder)

However

• Internal and external pressures acting on the ends of pipe creates an equal
and opposite lateral force.
• Internal pressure: stabilising internal pressure end load.
• External pressure: destabilising external pressure end load.
Only if the ends are capped
04. Analogous Concepts

So why do we exclude internal pressures from our OrcaFlex models?

The destabilising lateral forces created by internal pressures

are exactly balanced by
the stabilising pressure end loads and there is
zero net bending.
04. Analogous Concepts

How can you push coil tubing downhole in a high pressure well?

The destabilising external pressure end load (enormous) on the end of

the CT
is exactly balanced by the stabilising external pressure acting on the
wall of the CT and there is
zero net bending.
 04. Analogous Concepts

• Some engineers are tempted to believe that pressure end load can
contribute to holding up the riser, as though it were an alternative or
an addition to top tension.
• This is not so, as a quick test with a garden hose will prove. Applying
internal pressure, however great, will not enable the hose to stand on
end like a charmed snake. It will not even straighten it out on the
ground. (The slight tendency for the hose to rearrange its position as
pressure is applied is the results of a large secondary effect; the
pressure causes a slight increase in diameter with corresponding
increase in bending stiffness).
 05. References
• Robello Samuel et al, University of Houston, “Effective Force and True Force: What are they?” IADC/SPE 151407,
March 2012
• Nergaard Arnfinn, University of Stavanger, “Effective Force; Fiction or Reality?” SPE-174785-MS, September 2015
• M.V. Craveiro & A.G.Neto, University of Sao Paulo, “Buckling of Pipelines due to Internal Pressure,” CILAMCE
November 2016
• Olav Fyrileiv & Leif Collberg, DNV, “Influence of Pressure in Pipeline Design – Effective Axial Force,” OMAE2005-
67502
• J.A. Haringx, “Instability of thin-walled cylinders subjected to internal pressure,” Philips Research Reports 7 (152)
112-118
• L.Glonti et al, “Longitudinal tension and mechanical stability of a pressurized straw tube,” Joint Institute for
Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna Russia, October 2018
• Andrea Catinaccio, “Pipes Under Internal Pressure and Bending,” CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, PH-EP-Tech-Note-
2009-004, November 2009
• AC Palmer, “Lateral Buckling of Axially Constrained Pipelines,” JPT, November 1974 (SPE 4815)
• CP Sparks, “The Influence of Tension, Pressure and Weight on Pipe and Riser Deformations and Stresses,” ASME,
54/ vol 106 March 1984
• CP Sparks, “Fundamentals of Marine Riser Mechanics: Basic Principles and Simplified Analysis,” Penwell
Publication, 2007