CE 322

Principles of Steel Design

[LESSON 1]
CONTENT

➲ Structural design
➲ Structural loads
➲ Structural steel
➲ Standard cross-sectional steel shapes

⇒ hot-rolled shapes
⇒ commonly used built-up shapes
⇒ cold-formed shapes
➲ Recap on the topic Stresses
➲ ASEP Steel Handbook
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The structural design of buildings, whether of structural steel or reinforced concrete,
requires the determination of the overall proportions and dimensions of the
supporting framework and the selection of the cross sections of individual
members.

In most cases the functional design will have been done by an architect, and the
structural engineer must work within the constraints imposed by this design.
 05 Detailing, drawing, and
Structural planning preparation of schedules

01 04
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN PROCESS Design of structural
members
Load computations

02 03
Determination of methods
of analysis
STRUCTURAL LOADS
● those that are permanent

01 DEAD LOADS ●
●
includes the weight of the structure itself
include the weight of nonstructural components

● not as permanent as dead load

02 LIVE LOADS
●
●
●
may or may not be acting on the structure at any given time
location may not be fixed
the magnitude is not as well defined as that of dead load

03 WIND LOAD
●
●
exerts a pressure or suction on the exterior surfaces of a building
usually not as important for low buildings

● need to be considered only in those geographic locations where

04 EARTHQUAKE LOADS ●
there is a reasonable probability of occurrence
the effects of the earthquake are simulated by a system of
horizontal loads acting at each floor level of the building

05 OTHERS
● often treated as separate categories, such as hydrostatic pressure
and soil pressure
STRUCTURAL STEEL

The various properties of structural steel, including strength and ductility, are
determined by its chemical composition. Structural steels can be grouped
according to their composition as follows.
1. Plain carbon steels: mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon.
2. Low-alloy steels: iron and carbon plus other components (usually less than
5%).
3. High-alloy or specialty steels: similar in composition to the low-alloy steels
but with a higher percentage of the components added to iron and carbon.
STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

In the design process outlined earlier, one of the objectives is the selection of the
appropriate cross sections for the individual members of the structure being
designed.

Most often, this selection will entail choosing a standard cross-sectional shape
that is widely available rather than requiring the fabrication of a shape with unique
dimensions and properties. The largest category of standard shapes includes
those produced by hot-rolling.
Cross sections of some of the more commonly used hot-rolled shapes are shown.
Other frequently used cross-sectional shapes are shown.
Other shapes are available, but those just described are the ones most frequently
used. In most cases, one of these standard shapes will satisfy design
requirements. If the requirements are especially severe, then a built-up section,
such as one of those shown, may be needed.
Another category of steel products for structural applications is cold-formed steel.
Structural shapes of this type are created by bending thin material such as sheet
steel or plate into the desired shape without heating. Typical cross sections are
shown.
RECAP ON STRESSES

Question #1: What is stress?

Stress is a body’s response to external forces.

Question #2: How is stress significant to the strength of a material?

Stress indicates the strength of a body or of a material.
Question #3: What is the difference between stress and strain?
Stress is a body’s response to external forces, while strain is the amount of
deformation experienced by a body due to stress.

Question #4: What is deformation?

Deformation is the change in dimension and/or shape of a body or object.
Question #5: Review the stress-strain curve.
Stress-strain curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between stress
and strain in a body or material. It displays the body’s deformation in response to
an externally applied load.
NORMAL OR AXIAL STRESS (tensile stress)
Normal or axial stress is expressed mathematically
as:
SHEAR STRESS
Shear stress is expressed as:
For single shear:

For double shear:

BEARING STRESS
Bearing stress is expressed as:
ASEP STEEL HANDBOOK

The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP) is a non-

profit organization founded in 1961 with the primary objective of upgrading the
practice of structural engineering in the Philippines.
As part of its efforts to meet this objective, the association published the
Handbook of Steel Shapes and Sections in 1987. The main purpose of the original
publication publication was to provide local practitioners, suppliers, and
fabricators with a set of produced steel products. With the handbook, the need of
substitutions due to unavailability and its corresponding cost and delay can thus
be reduced or eliminated.
Alternatively, it may be used to select substitute sections designed using other
design manuals and tables. A second purpose for the publication was to provide the
local practitioner with a design aid in International System of Units (SI) compatible
with the National Structural Code of the Philippines.