By:

Abhinav Kumar(MBA/4559/09)
Ankita Singh(MBA/4557/09)
Rajeev(MBA/4547/09)
Mandeep (MBA/4501/09)
PGDM-IB
 Agenda

About WTO

Objective of WTO

Functions of WTO

The WTO Structure

Principles of WTO

Key Subjects in WTO

Q&A
About WTO
 World Trade Organization

Location :- Geneva, Switzerland

Established: 1 January 1995

Created by : Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)

Membership :153 countries

2007 Secretariat Staff : 625

Head : Director-General, Pascal Lamy

 Objectives

The WTO reiterates the objectives of GATT .

Raising standard of living and income .

Introduce sustainable development.

Taking positive steps to ensure that developing countries.

 GATT: PREDECESSOR OF WTO
 Began in 1986 in Uruguay, so it is sometimes called the
Uruguay round

 Concluded with an agreement 8 years later in 1994.

 Agreement signed in Marrakech, Morocco

 Agriculture was included for the first time in an

international trade agreement

 WTO created in 1995 as one result of the negotiations

 GATT: PREDECESSOR OF WTO
GATT becomes WTO (1995)
• Acts as a forum for trade negotiations

• Administers trade agreements

• Settles trade disputes

• Reviews national trade policies

• Assists developing countries (technical assistance

and training programs)

• Cooperates with other international organisations

 WTO: STRUCTURE

Ministerial Conference

General Council
 Dispute Settlement Body
 Trade Policy Review Body

Councils
 Council for Trade in Goods
 Council for Trade in Services
 Council for TRIPs

Committees and other subsidiary bodies

Decision-making
 THE WTO STRUCTURE

Ministerial conference Director General

Secretariat

Dispute Settlement Body General Council

Trade Policy Review Body

WTO FUNCTIONS

Administering and Implementing the multilateral and plurilateral trade agreements.

Acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations .

Seeking to resolve trade disputes.

Overseeing national trade policies.

Cooperating with other international institutions.

Maintaining trade related database.

Acting as a watchdog of international trade .

Technical assistance and training for developing countries.

10
 THE WTO CONFERENCES

Seattle – A Rough start (1999)

Doha – What happened? (2001)

Cancun – What happened? (2003)

 WHAT HAPPENED AT SEATTLE?

• Most of the world’s citizens first heard about the WTO at the Seattle
“Millennium Round” (popularly known as the “Battle of Seattle”),
when talks ended in failure amid massive street demonstrations

• The agenda for Seattle was ambitious: agriculture, services,

intellectual property rights, government procurement (contracts), and
competition rules, to name a few.
 DOHA

• This round is known as the Millennium Round,

the Doha Round, and the Development Round

• Political environment – there are now 148 WTO

members – about twice the GATT round

• Progress on regional agreements

• Countries negotiate only what they would do

anyway
 WHAT HAPPENED AT DOHA?
(DEVELOPMENT ROUND)

• The attempts to expand the coverage of the WTO

agreements became more apparent with the launching of
the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) at the WTO’s 4th
Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar in 2001.

• In a nutshell, the DDA seeks to start negotiations on non-

agricultural tariffs, trade and environment, WTO rules
like anti-dumping and subsidies, investment, competition
policy, trade facilitation, transparency in government
procurement, and intellectual property. The deadline for
negotiations was on Jan. 1, 2005.
 DOHA ROUND AGENDA

• Agricultural subsidies

• Conflicts between trade liberalization and

• Environmental protection

• Competition policy

• Foreign investment protection

• Trade remedy laws (subsidies and dumping)

 WHAT HAPPENED AT CANCUN?

• Based on a draft ministerial declaration that was

submitted by the WTO director general to ministers last
ug. 31, 2003, moves by industrialized countries to include
other non-trade issues at the Cancun Conference are
facing stiff opposition from selected underdeveloped
countries.

• The call of third world governments to the monopoly-

capitalist governments, especially those of the United
States and the European Union, to made good their
promise to remove domestic and export subsidies enjoyed
by their homeland agriculture; and the drive of the
monopoly-capitalist powers to push for even further
liberalization in areas such as foreign investment
Principles of WTO
 THE WTO PRINCIPLES

Environment Transparency
MFN
Protection Treatment

Competition
On BoP National
Principles
Treatment
Treatment Of
For LDCs WTO

Rule Based Free

Trading Trade
System Principle
Dismantling
Trade
Barriers
Key Subjects in WTO
 KEY SUBJECTS IN WTO

Agriculture

Health & safety measures

Helping least developed and food importing countries

Textile and Clothing

BENEFITS FROM WTO
• The system helps promote peace
• Disputes are handled constructively
• Rules make life easier for all
• Freer trade cuts the costs of living
• It provides more choice of products and qualities
• Trade raises incomes
• Trade stimulates economic growth
• The basic principles make life more efficient
• Governments are shielded from lobbying
• The system encourages good government

21
Thank You