REVIEW OF

RELATED
LITERATURE
OBJECTIVES
Presents written review of related literature
List research hypotheses if appropriate
 THINK!
How will you make your friend
agree on what you believe in?

How important are reliable

evidences in convincing people in
all aspects such as criminal case,
debates and essays?
Literature Review
It is a process of compiling, classifying and
evaluating what other researchers have written on a
certain topic. It can be partial component of a
research undertaking, but it can also standalone as a
self-contained review of writings on a subject.
Purposes of Reviewing a Literature
It builds the confidence of the researcher as he/she
fully understands the variables being studied.
It shows similar studies conducted which, in return,
become the springboard of discussion as the
researcher may agree or disagree with the current
results.
Purposes of Reviewing a Literature
Fellow researchers will see the objectivity of the study
as they read a review of literature and related sources
similar in their research.
Reviewing a body of literature on the topic makes the
researcher study empirical.
Characteristics of a Good Literature
Review
clearly stating the limits of the subject matter to
be reviewed
covers all important and relevant literature
Research studies
Books/e-books
Journals/e-journals
Characteristics of a Good Literature
Review
is up to date (2010-2020)
provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and
conclusions in the literature
points out similarities and differences, and
strengths and weaknesses in the literature
STEPS IN CONDUCTING A
LITERATURE REVIEW
1 Finding Information
You should know what information to look for.
The information you will look for must be
answered by your topic, research questions, and
statement of the problem.

You should know where to look for the

information you need. The obvious places to
look for information are the library and the
internet.
2 Evaluating Content

Evaluate the quality and scholarliness of a

source. Make sure you only include credible,
scholarly sources.
2 Evaluating Content
Ask the following questions to evaluate scholarly
sources:
What are the author’s
credentials?
Can you identify their
Authority institutional affiliations?
What is the author’s
expertise on the subject?
2 Evaluating Content
When was the source published?
Last 5 years?
Currency Is it outdated?
Does it meet the time needs for
your topic?

Does the author cite credible,

authoritative sources?
Is there evidence of scholarly
Documentation
research?
Do they properly cite their
sources?
2 Evaluating Content
Who is the intended audience?
Intended Audience Scholars? Researchers? General
audience?

What is the author’s goal in

writing it?
Objective/Purpose To entertain? To inform? To
influence?
How objective is the source?
2 Evaluating Content
Who is the intended audience?
Relevancy Scholars? Researchers? General
audience?

Is it relevant to your topic?

Objective/Purpose Does it provide any new
information about the topic?
2 Evaluating Content
If you are using the internet in searching for
related literature, you have to be mindful that
not all materials that you find in the net are
credible and legit. You have to be always
cautious and critical about the materials that you
find in many sites.
3 Recording Information
Take down notes and use method that works
best for you:
 The outline method
 The mapping method
 The charting method
 The sentence method

Always be mindful to avoid to plagiarize.

4 Synthesizing Content
Take a moment to reflect on the research you
have, what you have learned, how the
information fits into your topic, and plan what is
the best way to present your findings.

Organize research by topic. Feel free to create

subtopics as a means of connecting your
research and ideas.
4 Synthesizing Content
Think about the areas you will discuss in your
review and what pieces of research you will use
to support your conclusions.

After reviewing your notes, try summarizing the

main points in one to two sentences.
4 Synthesizing Content
Draft an outline of your literature review. Start
with a point, then list supporting arguments and
resources. Repeat this process for each of your
paper’s main points
5 Writing the Review
Present relevant findings and issues fro, your
research articles in your literature review.

Decide on what organization pattern makes

sense for organizing the studies into a coherent
presentation: chronological, categorical/topic,
general-to-specific, known to unknown
5 Writing the Review
Do not include ALL the information from each
study. You will use each study to help you
advance the necessary definitions, context,
explanation and rationalization for variables,
gaps, and the argument your paper is making.
Your goal in this section is to synthesize
information from the studies into a meaningful
presentation.
6 Citing your Sources
Single Author
a. If the name of the author is part of the text, just include
the date of publication.
Example: Tuazon (2008) statistical analysis…

b. If not, write the name of the author and the date of

publication separated by a comma, and enclosed in
parentheses.
Example: Statistical analysis... paved the way to a
more advanced review of the data (Tuazon, 2008).
6 Citing your Sources
Multiple Authors
a. If TWO authors are used, mention both names each
time reference is made in the text.
Example: The existence of fossils found in...
(Winston & Churchill, 2003)
Winston and Churchill (2003) stated that
the existence of fossils found in...
6 Citing your Sources
Multiple Authors
b. If MORE THAN TWO AUTHORS are used, mention all
the names when reference is made for the first time.
When all names are mentioned again, mention the name
of the first author followed by et al. and the year of
publication.
Example: Mendiola, Dizon, and Bernal (2006)
stated that...
Mendiola, et al. (2006) stated that...
6 Citing your Sources
Multiple Authors
c. If many authors are cited in the text, arrange the
surnames alphabetically, separated by a semicolon and
enclosed in parentheses.
Example: Statistical analyses (Galura, 2003;
Madlang, 2005;
Vargas, 2001) showed that...
6 Citing your Sources
Referencing (to be used at the end of the
manuscript)
APA (American Psychological Association 6th Edition)
 Citing references of the information gathered to avoid further
problem.
 allow your sources to be found by your reader
 gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas
6 Citing your Sources
Referencing (to be used at the end of the
manuscript)
NEWSPAPER
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author,
C.C. (Year, Month Day). Title of Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to
Article. Title of Newspaper, x (x), citation formats shake the
pp. xxx-xxx. research world. The Mendeley
x – Volume number Telegraph, Research News,
x – Issue number pp.9.
xxx-xxx – Page number
6 Citing your Sources
Referencing (to be used at the end of the
manuscript)
MAGAZINE
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author,
C.C. (Year, Month Day). Title of
Article. Title of Magazine, x (x), Mitchell, J.A. (2017). How citation
xxx-xxx. changed the research world. The
x – Volume number Mendeley, pp. 26-28.
x – Issue number
xxx-xxx – Page number
6 Citing your Sources
Referencing (to be used at the end of the
manuscript)
JOURNALS
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author,
C.C. (Year, Month). Title of
Article. Title of Journal, x (x),
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why
xxx-xxx. is it so important. Mendeley
x – Volume number Journal, 67(2), 81-95
x – Issue number
xxx-xxx – Page number
 6 Citing your Sources
Referencing (to be used at the end of the
manuscript)
ONLINE
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author,
C.C. (Year). Title of Work.
Retrieved from (url)
Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., &
Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to
citation. Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/refe
rence-management/reference-
manager
6 Citing your Sources
Referencing (to be used at the end of the
manuscript)
BOOKS
Listing should be in Alphabetical Order
Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used
by the Journal in its title.
Follow capitalization rules.
If there is no author proceed to the title.
6 Citing your Sources
Referencing (to be used at the end of the
manuscript)

BOOKS
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. &
Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., &
Author, C.C. (Year, Month). Title Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to
of the book. Publication place: citation. London, England: My
Publisher Publisher
6 Citing your Sources
Referencing (to be used at the end of the
manuscript)
BASIC RULES IN APA
 If there is no date put ‘(n.d.)’
 Put a period after every list with the Online sources
with exemption
 There is no period after the URL
 If there is no author, put the title of the source
 IMPORTANT AND RELEVANT
ETHICAL ISSUES TO STUDENTS
WHO WILL BE CONDUCTING
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Plagiarism
Term used to describe a practice that involves
knowingly taking and using another person’s work
and claiming it, directly and indirectly, as your own
Specific Forms of Plagiarism
turning in someone else’s work as your own
copying words or ideas from someone else without
giving credit
failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
giving incorrect information about source of a
quotation
Specific Forms of Plagiarism
changing words but copying the sentence structure
of a source without giving credit
copying so many words or ideas from a source that it
makes up the majority of your work, whether you
give credit or not
Language Use
A writer must avoid racially-charged, sexist,
offensive language and tendencies. In other words,
it is an ethical responsibility of the writer to be
sensitive to the sensibilities of his audiences.
Things to Remember:
Avoid overly inclusive racial terms such as Asian or
Hispanic: be more specific by using terms such as Japanese,
Chinese and Filipino.
racial titles such as “Black” should be capitalized
Avoid sexist phrasing, such as gender oriented diction, for
example: “Man is often tempted by false promises of
fulfilment” could be revised by replacing “man” with
“human beings”: “Human beings are often tempted by false
promises of fulfilment”
Things to Remember:
Remain conscious of how you refer to individuals,
even fictitious characters: using ‘boy’ or ‘girl’ to refer
to individuals above the age of eighteen may carry
racial overtones and create a patronizing tone.
When referring to individuals with physical
impairments always place the description after the
subject; for example: the man who is blind rather
than the blind man.
Fraud
A writer must avoid racially-charged, sexist,
offensive language and tendencies. In other words,
it is an ethical responsibility of the writer to be
sensitive to the sensibilities of his audiences.