TEACHING AND

LEARNING OF ENGLISH
AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
Phase 2
The Four Phases of the Teaching and Learning of
English as a Second Language

• Phase 1 – Establishing Meaning

• Phase 2 - Practice
• Phase 3 – Purposeful Student Communication
• Phase 4 – Review, Recombination or
Reteaching

Teaching and Learning of English as a Second Language

Phase 2: Practice
 3 characteristics
 Manipulative
 Meaningful
 Communicative
Phase 2: Practice
 Manipulation ensures that the learner won’t be
dealing with linguistic functions he is incapable of
handling
 Meaningful practice goes a long way toward easing
the boredom factor long associated with the phase by
eliminating extraneous effort on the part of the
student.
Phase 2: Practice
 Communicative practice is essential in helping
students make the jump between the security of the
classroom and the real-life surprise of
communication in the second language outside the
classroom.
Phase 2: Practice
 The backbone of the Practice Phase consists of the Audio-
Lingual Drill types.
 Minimal pair drill
 Substitution drill
 Multiple slot substitution drill
 Moving slot substitution
 Transformation
 Integration
 Expansion
Phase 2: Practice
 Minimal Pair Drill
 refers to a pair of words, phrases of sentences which
sound alike except for one phonemic difference
 Students may be asked solely to recognize the difference
and incorporate it into a productive activity (saying the two
examples, writing the two examples).
Phase 2: Practice
 Substitution Drill
 consists of the base phrase or sentence in which one
one element is replaced by another.
 Example:
Teacher: Mary has a book.
Teacher: Train Student: Mary has a train.
Teacher: Truck Student: Mary has a truck.
Phase 2: Practice
 Multiple Slot Substitution Drill
 employs some features of single slot substitution.
 Example:
Teacher: John called his mother.
Teacher: Mary Student: Mary called his mother.
Teacher: They Student: They called his mother.
Phase 2: Practice
 Moving Slot Substitution
 is more complex because attention is focused on
different slots on the frame.
 Example:
T: The play starts at seven tonight. S: The play starts at seven
tonight
T: _______tomorrow S: The play starts at seven tomorrow
T: _______ eight S: The play starts at eight tomorrow.
Phase 2: Practice
 Transformation
 effects a change in sentence types or tense.
 Example:
John is happy. John isn’t happy.
John wrote a letter yesterday.
John will write letter tomorrow.
Phase 2: Practice
 Integration
 Two separate statements are combined into one.
 Example:
I saw the dog. The dog had brown spots.
I saw the dog that had brown spots.
Phase 2: Practice
 Expansion
 refers to the use of an additional word/words to an
utterance
 Example:
The dress is pretty.
The blue dress is pretty. (blue)