ENERGY ASPECTS IN RECYCLED

AGGREGATES
Master of technology
In
Construction Technology

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF, BY:-

Dr. MANGALA KESHAVA, RAKESH S
Associate Professor , 1BM16CCT10
Civil Engineering Dept.
BMSCE.
1
 INTRODUCTION

Considerable amount of energy is spent in the Extraction, crushing,

processing, screening and transportation of natural aggregates to the
construction site. Conservation of the energy becomes important in the
context of limiting of green house gases emission in to atmosphere.

• C & D waste can be recycled by transporting to recycling plant from the

landfills to facilitate for crushing & screening ,such that aggregates can be
reused once they are processed. The total benefit of C & D recycling could be
assessed through analyzing its economic and environmental impacts.

• Energy can be conserved by the use of Recycled aggregate, if the energy

consumption of Recycled aggregate production is less than that of natural
aggregate production.

•This can be achieved by having less energy intensive Recycling technologies

to process the C & D waste.
 NEED FOR STUDY
The total benefit of Recycled aggregates can be assessed through
analyzing

Engineering properties Economy Environmental impacts

Numerous Research studies

concluded that the recycled Less attention have been made to
aggregate can be used in evaluate the economic &
concrete production & Road environmental impact of recycled
building application up to 20 aggregates.
to 30 % Replacement with
Natural aggregates.

From the view of sustainable aspects this study aims to evaluate only
Environmental impact of recycled aggregates produced from
C & D waste recycling using Embodied energy as main relevant indicator.
LITERATURE REVIEW EE value of Natural Aggregates
EE Value of
Publication/
Author Natural System Boundary Method of EE analysis Considerations for Calculations of EE
Source
Aggregates

K.I Praseeda ,
Energy &  EE value for M sand is 0.037 MJ/kg 1. Raw material Extraction
B V Venkatarama Reddy,
Buildings , Elsevier  Cradle to Gate analysis System Boundary. 2. Raw material Transportation
Monto Mani
Pub  Process analysis Based EE assessment –method 3. Process Energy
(2015)

 Energy spent for natural sand production is 0 MJ/m³ (Nil) but it requires about 175MJ of
B V Venkatarama Reddy, Energy & diesel energy/m³ for transporting it over 100 km distance. Energy calculations are based on
K S jagadish Buildings , Elsevier  Energy spent for Crushed aggregate production is 20MJ/m³ (0.0136MJ/kg). production systems employed by the
(2001) Pub  Natural Sand & Crushed stone aggregate consume about 1.75MJ/m³ for every one km of material manufactures in India.
transportation distance.

B Surekha,  Energy spent for natural sand production is 0 MJ/m³ (Nil) but it requires about 153.7MJ of
International
M N Hedge, diesel energy/m³ for transporting it over 100 km distance. Energy of coarse aggregate per cum is
journal of civil
K S Jagadish  Cradle to gate analysis analyzed based on data from two sites.
Engineering.
(2016)  Embodied Energy for coarse aggregate is 0.071 MJ/kg.

Cradle to gate analysis- system boundary

 E.E for coarse aggregate is 0.068MJ/kg.
 E.E for Fine aggregate is 0.098MJ/kg. Energy calculations are based on data of
M tech thesis
Saranya S
BMSCE Bengaluru Cradle to site analysis five aggregate manufacturing units
(2016)
Considering 50 km radius of transporting the aggregates to the site & 2 way transportation. located in and around the Bengaluru.
 EE for coarse aggregate is 0.359 MJ/kg.
 EE for Fine aggregate is 0.405 MJ/kg.

Auroville earth
institute was  EE value for River sand – 0.0204 MJ/kg
AVEI (Auroville Earth founded by
Institute) HUDCO,  EE value for aggregate in India – 0.22 MJ/kg
Government of  Cradle to site boundary (includes the transportation energy to the site.)
India in 1989
 EE value of Recycled Aggregates from literature
Publication/ EE Value of Recycled
Author Method of EE analysis Considerations for Calculations of
Source Aggregates System Boundary
EE

Marco Quattrone, Resources,

 EE value for all processed material (Recycled Fine & Coarse Fraction) is 39.76MJ/t. 1. Process Energy
Serigo C Angulo, conservation and
 EE value for only Recycled coarse aggregate is 113.60MJ/t. Efficiency of Equipments is considered
Vanderley M John Recycling
 Process analysis Based EE assessment –method.
(2014) Elsevier Pub

Milad Ghanbari, Advances in  Pre crushing phase Energy use – 3.7 MJ/ton & Crushing Phase Energy use –
Armin Monir Abbasi, Materials Science 34.36MJ/ton Process Energy
Mehdi Ravanshadnia and Engineering Efficiency of Equipments not considered.
(2001) Hindawi Pub  EE value of Recycled aggregate – 38.06MJ/ton (Pre crushing & Crushing phase).

1.On site Sorting of C & D waste.(Sorting

energy)
Md.Uzzal Hossain, 2. Transportation Energy involved in
Resources,
Chi Sun Poon, transporting C & D to plant
conservation and  EE of Recycled aggregate produced from C & D waste – 211-235MJ/t
Irene M C Lo, 3.Process Energy
Recycling Elsevier  Cradle to site analysis
Jack C.P.Cheng 4.Tansportation energy involved in
Pub
(2016). transporting RA to site
Total Transportation distance considered is
85-95km.

Andrea Blengini , Transportation Energy

Journal of Cleaner
Elena Garbarino  EE of Recycled aggregate produced from C & D waste – 250MJ/t Process Energy
production Elsevier
(2010)  Cradle to site analysis. Total Transportation distance considered is
pub
25-30km

Journal of
Isabela Maria Simion Environmental
Alessandra Bonoli Engineering and  EE of Recycled aggregate produced form C & D waste – 246MJ/t Transportation energy.
Maria Gavilescu Landscape  Cradle to Gate analysis Process Energy.
(2013) Management.

Butera S,
Christensen T H Waste management  EE of Recycled aggregate produced form C & D waste – 145MJ/t
Astrup T F Elsevier Pub  Cradle to site analysis
(2015)
Energy Aspects in recycled Aggregate Computation involves

• Computation of Demolition Energy (DE)

• Computation of Transportation Energy (TE)

• Computation of Process Energy (PE)

 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
To determine the Embodied Energy of Recycled aggregate.

SCOPE OF STUDY
From the view of sustainable aspects the study aims to
evaluate only Environmental impact of recycled aggregates
produced from C & D waste recycling using Embodied
energy as main relevant indicator.
 METHODOLOGY

EMBODIED ENERGY ASSESSMENT FRAME WORK ADOPTED IN PRESENT STUDY

 EXISTING
PRACTICE

PROPOSED
PRACTICE
 DEMOLITION ENERGY (DE) COMPUTATION
Definition: Energy necessary for Demolition of building & disposing of
Building Material (M K dixit.et.al)

For computing the Demolition Energy, three building sites are considered.

• Building 1 – Institutional Building- Framed structure.

• Building 2 – Residential Building -Load Bearing Structure.
• Building 3 – Residential Building – Framed structure.

Data collected for demolition energy calculations at various building sites are as follows:-

• Built up area of Building

• Age of Building.
• Number of floors.
• Sequence of Demolition.
• Demolition Technique – Hydraulic Breakers, Hand Demolition, handheld drillers.
• Fuel/Electricity consumption rates of machineries that are deployed for the demolition.
• Time required for demolition of building & debris clearing.
 BUILDING 1 –INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING
Computation of Demolition Energy

Details of Building 1
Particulars Description
Built up area of Building 10100 sqft (938.32 sqm)
Age of Building 25 years
Number of floors G + 2 floors
Duration of demolition 33 days
1. Mounted hydraulic Breakers.
Demolition Equipments
2. Hydraulic Excavators.
Debris Transportation Vehicle Dumpers- Capacity -17 tonnes – 14m3

CONT.....
 SUPERSTRUCTURE PART OF BUILDING DEMOLITION

Existed Building Demolition of front Demolition of partition walls & 1st floor
part of building Columns using hydraulic breakers.

SUBSTRUCTURE PART OF BUILDING DEMOLITION

Excavation of soil &

Footing Demolition
 SUMMARY OF FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR DEMOLITION OF BUILDING 1
Duration Equipment
Mileage*
Fuel Consumption (liters)
Days Hours Name Company No’s lph
Hitachi
Superstructure: 14 8 Breakers 1 18 2016
Ex200 LC
Demolition &
Hitachi
Debris Clearing 7 8 Excavators 1 6 336
Ex110
Total fuel consumed for super structure demolition= 2,352 liters
8 Breakers JCB 3DX 2 6 864
Substructure: Hitachi
9
Excavation of Excavators Ex110 & 6 864
2
soil, footing 8 JCB 3DX
demolition and 8 Breakers JCB 3DX 1 6 144
debris clearing 3 Hitachi
8 Excavators 1 6 144
Ex110
Total fuel consumed for sub structure demolition = 2016 liters
Total Fuel consumed in liters=
4368 liters

*Source for Mileage parameters (Machine fuel consumption rates):- Hydraulic

Breakers
• Auroville Earth institute (AVEI)
Diesel consumption for JCB Excavator- 6 liters/ hour.
Hydraulic
• Based on information provided by the operators of respective vehicles. Excavators
 DEMOLITION ENERGY CALCULATIONS FOR BUILDING 1
Sl.no Description Notation Value Unit
Superstructure
Total volume of Diesel consumed V d1 2352 liters
Energy density of Diesel * Ed 38.7 MJ/liter
a. Total energy consumed for Demolition of superstructure
part of Building D E1 91022.40 MJ
D E1 = Ed x V d 1
DE1 in GJ - DE1 /1000 -- 91.02 GJ
Substructure
Total volume of Diesel consumed V d2 2016 liters
Total energy consumed for Demolition of substructure
b. part of Building DE2 78019.20 MJ
DE2 = Ed x V d 2
Ede 2 in GJ - Ede 2 /1000 -- 78.02 GJ
Total Demolition Energy in GJ
c. DE 169.04 GJ
DE = DE1 + DE2

* Source
1. B.surekha , M N Hegde & K S Jagadish, Energy and Building materials, International
journal of civil Engineering, ISSN (P) : 2278-9987, Vol.5, Issue 5, Aug –Sep 2016.
2. Saranya S “Quantification of Embodied energy for both coarse & Fine aggregate”. M tech
thesis (2014), BMS college of Engineering, Bengaluru.
 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY (TE1)
Definition: Energy consumed in transporting demolition waste from the demolition site
to recycling plant

TE1

Demolition waste from the demolition site Recycling plant

Steps involved in computing the transportation Energy (TE1).

• Estimation of quantity of building materials by centerline method. (Floor plan is drawn in

AutoCAD for estimation purpose).

• Calculating total volume of demolition debris to be transported to C & D recycling plant &
number of trips required for the transportation of demolition debris.

• Transportation distance is fixed based upon the BBMP proposed sites for C & D waste
processing plants.

• Dumpers are deployed for transporting the demolition waste to C & D Recycling plant
(presently Landfills/illegal Dumping) . Mileage of Dumper is fixed based on information
provided by operators. i.e. 3kmpl.
BBMP DESIGNATED C & D WASTE DISPOSAL SITES & PROPOSED SITES FOR C & D
WASTE PROCESSING PLANTS
Notation Description

C & D Waste disposal

sites designated by
BBMP.
Mallasandra, Kannur,
Sriinivaspura & Kogilu
Gollahalli, Mittaganalli,
Kadu agrahara,
Anjanapura

Proposed sites for C & D

waste processing plants.
Kannur, Anjanapura &
Radius from the center = 19km Mallasandra

Source:- CSTEP, Center for study of

Science, Technology & Policy.
It was observed that two C & D Waste disposal sites are located in north Bengaluru, three sites in east
Bengaluru and other two sites in South Bengaluru.

Therefore, Transportation distance for computing the transportation energy is taken as

40km. i.e. 1 Round trip (up and down trip)
 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY (TE1) CALCULATIONS FOR BUILDING 1
Transportation Energy is the energy involved in Transporting Concrete, masonry & tiles waste to C & D Recycling plant

Sl. No Description Notation Value Unit

Volume of Building materials
a. V b = Vconcrete + Vmasonry + Vtiles + Vm tiles + 10 % Vss Vb 1382.59 m3

Consider that the combination of material concrete, flooring ρ ave

b. and masonry will have average density. 2000 kg/m3

Weight of Demolition debris that dumper carries W 17000 kg

Volume of dumper V 14 m3
c. Bulk density of Demolition debris can be calculated
ρ dw = W/V ρ dw 1200 kg/m3

Total volume of demolition debris to be transported to C & D

d. recycling plant. V dw 2304.32 m3
V dw = (V b x ρ ave ) / ρ dw

Explanation of (d) step

Total weight of the building materials = Total weight of demolition debris.
W b = W dw
ρ ave x V b = ρ dw x V dw ( ρ = W/V)
Therefore,
V dw = ( V b x ρ ave ) / ρ dw
Because of less density of demolition waste, the Volume will be more when compared to building material.
CONT...
e. 1 round trip (up and down trip) D 40 km
f. Mileage of Dumper M 3 kmpl
Fuel consumed per trip –liters
g. F 13.33 L
F = D/M
Total number of trips required for the transportation of
h. demolition debris. T 165
T = V dw / V
Total volume of Diesel consumed -liters
i. Vd 2200 L
Vd=TxF
j. Energy density of diesel Ed 38.7 MJ/liter
Total Energy Consumed for transportation of
k. Demolition debris to C & D Recycling plant T E1 85140.0 MJ
T E1 = V d x E
l. T E1 in GJ -- 85.14 GJ
 SUMMARY OF THREE BUILDING SITES
Building 1 Building 2 Building 3
Institutional Building- Residential –
Type of Building Residential – Framed
Framed Load Bearing
Age of Building (years) 25 35 14
Number of floors G+2 G+1 G+2
G Floor- 938.32
Built up area (m²) 1st Floor – 683.09 83.61 185.81
2nd Floor – 670.21
Machineries & Machineries & Hammers
Completely by
Demolition Method Hammers (Hand (Hand Demolition)
Machineries
Demolition)
Hydraulic Breakers &
Hydraulic Breakers & Hydraulic
Demolition Equipments Excavators ,Hand Held
Excavators Excavators
Drillers
Demolition Energy -DE (GJ) 169.04 3.72 47.60
a) Superstructure (GJ) 91.02 2.79 38.31
b) Substructure (GJ) 78.02 0.93 9.29
Demolition Energy –GJ/m² 0.074 0.022 0.085
Transportation Energy -TE
85.14 6.71 29.92
(GJ)
 PROCESS ENERGY (PE) COMPUTATION

Process Energy computation done based on two scenario’s

1. Recycling process of Bangalore recycling plant i.e. Dry processing system.

2. Recycling process of IL & FS C&D waste recycling plant at Delhi (Burari) i.e. Dry &
wet processing system.

Data collected for computation of process energy (PE) :-

1. Processing flowcharts. • Production capacity (t/hr)

2. Specifications of Equipment/Machinery • Feed Size (mm)
• Power/Diesel consumption rates

Process energy for two scenario’s is calculated in two phases :-

1. Pre crushing phase and 2. Crushing phase.

1. Pre- crushing phase consists of

Breaking down of the large concrete pieces as per the feed size of the crushers by hand held
drillers and loading it into vibrating feeders by the aid of loaders.

2. Crushing phase consists of

Crushing, processing and screening operations
SCENARIO 1: DRY PROCESSING SYSTEM
 PROCESS ENERGY CALCULATIONS FOR SCENARIO 1
:DRY PROCESSING SYSTEM

Pre-crushing phase energy calculations (Capacity of plant 1000TPD)

Fuel/electricity Number of Total fuel/electricity
Equipment Unit
consumption rate equipments consumed for 8hrs
Loaders 15.07 liters/hr 1 120.56 Liters
Hand held drillers 2kWh 1 16 kWh
Total Energy use (diesel and electricity)
4926.47 MJ
120.56 x 38.70 + 16 x 16.30 =
Total energy use in MJ/tonne= 4.93 MJ/ton
 Crushing phase energy calculations (Capacity of plant 1000TPD)
Production Power Total power
Feed size No of
Equipment capacity consumption consumed for Unit
(mm ) Equipments
(t/hr) rate P -kWh 8hrs
Vibrating
125 - 6.6 1 52.8 kWh
feeder
Jaw crusher 125 500 75 1 600 kWh
Magnetic
- - 6.2 1 49.6 kWh
separators
Vibrating
125 - 18.5 2 296 kWh
screens
Secondary
65 400 40 2 640 kWh
Jaw crusher
Conveyor
- - 4.5 9 324 kWh
belt
Total electricity use = 1962.4 kWh
Total energy use in MJ = 1962.4 x 16.30 = 31987.12 MJ
Total energy use in MJ/tonne = 32.0 MJ/t
Pre crushing + Crushing phase = 36.93 MJ/t
SCENARIO 2 : DRY & WET PROCESSING SYSTEM
 PROCESS ENERGY CALCULATIONS FOR SCENARIO 2 :
DRY & WET PROCESSING SYSTEM

Pre-crushing phase energy calculations

Fuel/electricity Number of Total fuel/electricity
Equipment Unit
consumption rate equipments consumed for 8hrs
Loaders 15.07 liters/hr 1 120.56 Liters
Hand held drillers 2kWh 1 16 kWh
Total Energy use (diesel and electricity)
4926.47 MJ
120.56 x 38.70 + 16 x 16.30 =
Total energy use in MJ/tonne= 4.93 MJ/t
 Crushing phase energy use
Production Power Total power
Feed size No of
Equipment capacity consumption consumed for Unit
(mm ) Equipments
(t/hr) rate P -kWh 8hrs
Dry processing equipments
Vibrating
feeder 125 - 6.6 1 52.8 kWh

Impact
crusher 125 500 75 1 600 kWh

Magnetic
separators - - 6.2 1 49.6 kWh

Vibrating
screens 125 - 18.5 2 296 kWh

Conveyor
belt - - 4.5 9 324 kWh

Wet processing equipments

Feed
30m³ - 5.5 1 44 kWh
hopper
Prograde
rinsing 150 - 15 1 120 kWh
screen
 Table cont.....
Log washer 250 - 112 1 896 kWh
Dewatering
150 - 5 1 40 kWh
screen
Prograde
sizing < 250 - 37 1 296 kWh
screen
Conveyor
- - 4.5 7 252 kWh
Belts
Total electricity use in kWh = 3634.4 kWh
Total energy use in MJ = 59240.72 MJ
Total energy use in MJ/tonne 59.240 MJ/t
Pre crushing + Crushing phase = 64.17 MJ/t

Energy (Diesel and Electricity) for processing the demolition waste to produce
recycled aggregates by dry processing system is 36.93MJ/t ,
whereas by dry and wet processing system is 64.17MJ/t.
 COMPUTATION OF EMBODIED ENERGY OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATES

Embodied energy of recycled aggregates is determined as the addition of

demolition energy, transportation energy and process energy.
 EMBODIED ENERGY CALCULATIONS OF CASE STUDY BUILDING 1

Sl Description Notation Value

a. Volume of demolition debris
Vdw 2304.32 m³
Weight of demolition debris that dumper carries W 17000 kg
b.
Volume of dumper V 14 m³
Bulk density of demolition debris ρ dw 1200 kg/m³
Total quantity of demolition debris generated in tonnes
c. W dw 2765.18 tons
(W dw = ρ dw x V dw )
d. DE
Demolition energy in MJ 169041.60 MJ
e. TE
Transportation energy in MJ 85140.0 MJ
f. PE1
Process energy of scenario 1 -Dry processing system 36.93 MJ/ton
g. PE2
Process energy of scenario 1 –Dry and wet processing system 64.17 MJ/ton

Table cont.....
 Scenario 1:-Total Energy consumed to generate, transport and
process the W dw tons of demolition waste by dry processing
h.
system to produce a recycled aggregates in MJ
E1 356299.70 MJ
E1 = [(DE + TE)+ (PE1 x W dw)]
= [(169041.60 + 85140.0)+ (36.93 x 2765.18)]
= 356299.70 MJ
Scenario 2:-Total Energy consumed to generate, transport and
process the W dw tons of demolition waste by dry and wet
processing system to produce a recycled aggregates in MJ
i. E2 431623.20 MJ
E2 =[(DE + TE) + (PE2 x W dw)]
= [(169041.60 + 85140.0) + (64.17 x 2765.18)]
= 431623.20 MJ
j. Quantity of recycled aggregates produced in tonnes assuming
QRA 2626.92 tons
η = 95% ( QRA = 0.95 x W dw ) [ref 9]
Embodied energy of recycled aggregates- Scenario 1
k. ERA1 135.63 MJ/ton
ERA1 = E1 / QRA
l. Embodied energy of recycled aggregates- Scenario 2
ERA2 164.31MJ/ton
ERA2 = E2 / QRA
 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS – THREE CASE STUDIES
Breakup of different types of Energy (Demolition, transportation and process energy)
S.N Type of Energy Case study 1 Case study 2 Case study 3
Demolition energy, MJ/m² 73.77 22.22 85.39
i.
Demolition energy, MJ/m3 73.36 36.56 58.62
Demolition energy, MJ/t 61.13 16.87 48.85
Transportation energy, MJ/t 30.80 30.45 30.71
ii.
Transportation energy, MJ/t/km 0.77 0.76 0.77
iii. Process energy, MJ/t
a. Dry processing system 36.93
b. Dry and wet processing system 64.17

The variation in demolition energy results is due to predominate use of machineries at

building 1 and 3 (RCC framed structure), whereas at building 2 (load bearing structure)
manual demolition (hand demolition) was adopted. Load bearing structures require less
energy to demolish than RCC structures because of lower structural resistance, it
requires comparatively less machine time. In case of RCC framed structures,
considerable energy is required to dismantle the beam and column members to smaller
pieces.
 Results of Embodied energy of recycled aggregates - three case studies and
two recycling techniques

Sl.n Type of Energy Case study 1 Case study 2 Case study 3

i. Demolition energy, MJ/t 61.13 16.87 48.85
ii. Transportation energy, MJ/t 30.80 30.45 30.71
iii. Process energy, MJ/t
a. Dry processing system 36.93
b. Dry and wet processing system 64.17
iv Embodied energy of recycled aggregates, MJ/t assuming η = 95%

a. Dry processing system 135.63 88.68 122.62

b. Dry and wet processing system 164.31 117.35 151.29

• Diesel Energy for transporting the demolition debris from the source of generation
to recycling plant (40 km) requires approximately 31 MJ/t.

• The embodied energy of recycled aggregates produced by dry and wet processing
system is between 17-25% higher than that required in a dry processing system.
However the dry and wet processing system is better as good quality recycled
aggregates are obtained.
• The embodied energy of recycled aggregates produced by dry processing
system is in the range of 88.68MJ/ton to 135.63MJ/ton, where as for
recycled aggregates produced dry and wet processing system is in the range
of 117.35-164.31MJ/ton. The range of embodied energy of recycled
aggregates from the literature is 38 MJ/ton to 250MJ/ton. The variation in
energy values from the literature review and present study is due to the
differences in
•Geographical location of study
•Waste management systems
•Fuel considerations
•considerations of various system boundaries
• recycling processes
•Method of embodied energy analysis
•Embodied energy of recycled aggregates obtained in the present study
by cradle to gate approach is higher when compared to embodied energy
of natural aggregates obtained from literature which is in the range of
62-119MJ/ton.
Even though the energy content in recycled aggregates is higher, it is
sustainable to use recycled aggregates in concrete and road/building
application as it reduces the
overexploitation of stone quarries,
Reduces the requirement of landfill sites for dumping the C&D waste,
Reduces the illegal dumping of waste on road sides, lakes and low
lying areas and
Saves the huge amount of natural resources.
•Energy spent for transporting the waste to recycling plant can be
completely reduced by having a mobile C&D recycling plant in
order to crush the demolition waste at source of generation to
produce the recycled aggregates and reuse at site.
REFERNCES:-

1. Auroville Earth Institute (AVEI)

www.agpworkshops.com/attach_ments/EGM/SESSION_03_AUROVILLE.pdf

2. K.I. Praseeda , B V Venkatarama Reddy, Monto Mani.“Embodied energy

assessment of building materials in India using process and input–output analysis”,
Elsevier Publications ,Energy and Buildings 86 (2015) 677-686.

3. Manish kumar Dixit, “Identification of parameters for embodied energy

measurement: A literature review”, Energy and buildings 42 (2010) 1238-1247
Elsevier publications.

4. CSTEP ,Center for Study of Science, Technology & Policy, "Construction and
Demolition Waste utilisation for Recycled Products in Bengaluru: Challenges and
Prospects. (July 2016).

5. Saranya S, “Quantification of embodied energy for both coarse & Fine aggregates”.
M tech thesis (2014) BMS college of Engineering, Bengaluru.

6. B.surekha , M N Hegde & K S Jagadish, Energy and Building

materials,International journal of civil Engineering, ISSN (P) : 2278-9987, Vol.5,
Issue 5, Aug –Sep 2016.
7. Marco Quattrone, Serigo C Angulo, Vanderley M John, “Energy and CO 2 from high performance recycled
aggregate production”, Resources, conservation and recycling 90 (2014) 21-33 Elsevier pub.

8. Milad Ghanbari, Armin Monir Abbasi and Mehdi Ravanshadnia. “Economic and Environmental Evaluation
and Optimal Ratio of Natural and Recycled Aggregate Production”. , Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering Article, Hindawi pub ID- 7458285 (2017).

9. IL&FS (Infrastructure leasing & Financial Services) Environmental infrastructure and services limited,
“Processing of C&D waste catalogue”, 2014. Available at
http://www.cips.org.in/documents/2014/SPIPA/ILFS_Enviroment_CD_Project.pdf

10. Indian standard code IS 383: 2016, “Coarse and Fine aggregate for concrete- Specifications”.

11. National Building code of India- NBC, Vol -2, 2016.

12 Md.Uzzal Hossian, chi Sun Poon, Irene M.C.Lo, Jack C.P Cheng, “Comparative environment evaluation
of aggregate production from recycled waste materials and virgin sources by LCA”, Resources, Conservation
and Recycling 109 (2016) 67-77, Elsevier publications.

13. Indian Concrete Institute (ICI), “Guidelines on recycling use and management of C&D waste”, 2013,
ICI/TC/05.
THANK YOU