Integration by Miscellaneous Substitution

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TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Integration by miscellaneous substitution


,

Integration of rational functions of sine and cosine

Half-Angle Substitution
If an integrand is a rational function of sin x, cos x
and other functions, it can be reduced to a rational
function of z, by the substitution

1
z  tan x
2
From the identity cos 2y  2cos y  12

x
if we let y  2 then x x
cos 2    2cos2    1
2 2
x
cos x  2cos2    1
2
2
 1
 
x
sec 2  
2
2
 1
x
1  tan2  
2
2
1  z2 
1 z2
1
cos x 
1  z2 
2  1 z2
then simplifying we get 1  z2
From the identity sin 2y  2sin y cos y
x then by doing the same
if we let y 
2 steps done in cosine 2y
we get
x
since z  tan 2
2z
sin x 
2  x  dx 1 z2
dz  sec   
2 2
 2  x 
2dz  1  tan    dx
  2 
2dz
 
2dz  1  z 2 dx dx 
1 z2
2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
   
  𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑧
2
1+ 𝑧
2

1.∫ ¿∫ 2
¿∫ 2 2
5 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 5−4
1− 𝑧
2
5 + 𝑧 − 4+ 4 𝑧
2
1+ 𝑧 1+ 𝑧

2 𝑑𝑧
  2   2 𝑑𝑧
1+ 𝑧
¿∫ 2 ¿∫ ❑ 2
1+5 𝑧
2 1+5 𝑧
1+ 𝑧

  z+C

  +C
2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
   
  𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑧
2
1+ 𝑧
2

2.∫ ¿∫ ¿∫ 2
1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−
2𝑧
2
1+ 𝑧 − 2 𝑧
1+ 𝑧 1+ 𝑧 2

2 𝑑𝑧
  2
1+ 𝑧
¿∫ 2
𝑧 − 2 𝑧 +1
2
1+ 𝑧

  2 𝑑𝑧
¿∫ ❑
2
𝑧 − 2 𝑧 +1

  2 𝑑𝑧
¿∫
( 𝑧 −1 )2
  −2
¿∫ 2 ( 𝑧 −1 ) 𝑑𝑧   +C

  +C

+  C
Algebraic substitution

Linear Function
m
If the integrand involves (ax  b) .
n

The substitution z  n ax  b will eliminate the radical.

 x  4dx
3
x
3 2
 x x  4dx
 
3
¿∫ 𝑢 ( 𝑢 +4 ) 3𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
𝑙𝑒𝑡
  : 𝑢= √ 𝑥 −4   5 3
  ¿∫ 3𝑢 𝑑𝑢+∫ 12𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
3
  𝑢 𝑑𝑢= 𝑑𝑥
    3 𝑢6 + 12 𝑢4 +𝐶
¿
6 4
  +4
  1 ( 𝑥 − 4 )6 +3 ( 𝑥 − 4 ) 4 +𝐶
¿
2

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