FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates. The range is the set of
second coordinates.
 
A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range.
 

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1.
The list and the set of ordered pairs below show the same relation. Each letter is paired with a number.

{(I, 4), (L, 5), (O, 6), (V, 8), (E, 3), (M, 2), (A, 10), (T, 12), (H, 14)}
 DEFINITION
Linear Function
A function f is linear function if f(x) = mx + b, where m and b are real numbers, and m and f(x) are not both
equal to zero.
 

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 2.
F(x) = 2x + 3
G(x) = -5x - 1

DEFINITION
Quadratic Function
A quadratic function is any equation of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a,b, and c, are real numbers and a ≠
0.
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 3.
F(x) = 0.3x2 – 36x + 1000
G(X) = x2 + 9x +9
 DEFINITION
Piecewise Function
A piecewise function or a compound function is a function defined by multiple subfunctions, where each
subfunction applies to a certain interval of the main function’s domain.
 

 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 4.
The following are example of piecewise functions.
a. b.
x + 2, If x 0 -x, if x 2
F(x) = F(x) =
-x2 + 2, if x < 0 x, if x > 2
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 5.
A zumba instructor charges according to the number of participants. If there are 15 participants or below, the instructor charges
P500.00 for each participants per month. If the number of participants is between 15 and 30, he charges P400.00 for each
participants per month. If there are 30 participants or more, he charges P350.00 for each participants per month. Write the
piecewise function that describes what the instructor charges. And graph the function.

Solution:
1st Condition: If there are 15 participants or below, the instructor charges P500.00 for each participants per month.

2nd Condition: If the number of participants is between 15 and 30, he charges P400.00 for each participants per month.

3rd Condition: If there are 30 participants or more, he charges P350.00 for each participants per month.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 5.
A zumba instructor charges according to the number of participants. If there are 15 participants or below, the instructor charges
P500.00 for each participants per month. If the number of participants is between 15 and 30, he charges P400.00 for each
participants per month. If there are 30 participants or more, he charges P350.00 for each participants per month. Write the
piecewise function that describes what the instructor charges. And graph the function.

Solution:
1st Condition: If there are 15 participants or below, the instructor charges P500.00 for each participants per month.

  F(x) = 500x, if x

2nd Condition: If the number of participants is between 15 and 30, he charges P400.00 for each participants per month.

F(x) = 400x, if 15 < x < 30

3rd Condition: If there are 30 participants or more, he charges P350.00 for each participants per month.
  F(x) = 350x, if x
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 5.
A zumba instructor charges according to the number of participants. If there are 15 participants or below, the instructor charges
P500.00 for each participants per month. If the number of participants is between 15 and 30, he charges P400.00 for each
participants per month. If there are 30 participants or more, he charges P350.00 for each participants per month. Write the
piecewise function that describes what the instructor charges. And graph the function.

Solution:

500x, if x

F(x) = 400x, if 15 < x < 30

350x, if x
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 5.
A zumba instructor charges according to the number of participants. If there are 15 participants or below, the instructor charges
P500.00 for each participants per month. If the number of participants is between 15 and 30, he charges P400.00 for each
participants per month. If there are 30 participants or more, he charges P350.00 for each participants per month. Write the
piecewise function that describes what the instructor charges. And graph the function.

Solution:
500x, if x Let say there are 30 participants.
F(x) = 400x, if 15 < x < 30  F(x) = 350x, if x

350x, if x F(30) = 350(30)

Assume some which is related to the given F(30) = 10 500

piecewise function
Let say there are 10 participants.
12 500
 F(x) = 500x, if x .
F(10) = 500(10) 10 000
F(X) or Charges of
Zumba Instructor
F(10) = 5 000 7 500
Let say there are 20 participants. 5 000
F(x) = 400x, if 15 < x < 30
2 500
F(20) = 400(20)
5 10 15 20 25 30 x or number of
F(20) = 8 000 participants
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a value from the function’s domain
and computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating f at a for some a in the domain of f, we write f(a).

If one thinks of the function machine, evaluating a function is similar to providing our machines with a valid input.

To evaluate a function, we should:

• directly replace the indicated value to the given function;

• perform the indicated operation; and

• simplify the answer.

 
Example 1. Evaluate the following functions at x = 3.

(a) F(x) = 4x + 1 (b) Q(x) = (C) R(x) =

Solution:
(a) F(x) = 4x + 1   (b) Q(x) =   (C) R(x) =
  Q(3) =
F(3) = 4(3) + 1  R(3) =
F(3) = 12+ 1   Q(3) =
  Q(3) =  R(3) =
F(3) = 13
 R(3) =

 
Example 2. Evaluate the following functions given F(x ) = 4x + 1 and Q(x) = .

a. F(3x – 1) b. Q(2x + 3)
Solution:
 
F(x ) = 4x + 1 Q(x) = .
 
F(3x - 1 ) = 4(3x – 1) + 1 Q(2x + 3) =
 
F(3x - 1 ) = 12x – 4 + 1 Q(2x + 3) =
 
F(3x - 1 ) = 12x – 3 Q(2x + 3) =
 
Q(2x + 3) =
 Representation of Functions
• . perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
composition of functions..

 
 
 Definition

Sum, Difference Product and Quotient of Function

Let f and g be functions.
1. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function denoted by (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥).
2. Their difference, denoted by f – g, is the function denoted by (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) - 𝑔(𝑥).
3. Their product, denoted by 𝑓 • 𝑔, is the function denoted by (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥).
4. Their quotient, denoted by f/g, is the function denoted by ( )(𝑥) = , excluding the values of x where g(x) = 0.
 
Example . Let F(X) = x + 1 and G(X) = 2. Find the following :

a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) C. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) d. ( )(𝑥

Solution:
 a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = F(x) + G(x)
=x+1+2
=2+x+1

 b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = F(x) – G(x)

=x+1-2
=-2

 C. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) = f(x) . g(x)

= (x + 1)(2)
=2+2

 d. ( )(x ) =
=
Definition.
Let f and g be functions. The composite function denoted by (f ◦ g) (read as “f composed with g”) is defined by (f
◦ g)(x) = f(g(x)). The process of obtaining a composite function is called function composition.

Examples:

A. Let f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x2 – 2x + 2.

Find: a. (f ◦ g)(x) , b. (g ◦ f)(x).
Solutions:
a. (f ◦ g)(x) = f(g(x)) b. (g ◦ f)(x) = g(f(x))

= 2[g(x)] + 1 = [f(x)]2 – 2[f(x)] + 2

= 2(x2 – 2x + 2) + 1 = (2x + 1)2 – 2(2x + 1) + 2

= 2x2 – 4x + 4 + 1 = (4x2 + 4x + 1) – (4x + 2) + 2

= 4x2 + 4x + 1 – 4x – 2 + 2
= 2x – 4x + 5
2

= 4x2 + 1
• C. If f(x) = 2x + 1 and h(x) = 3x,
• evaluate the following:
• 1. (f ◦ h)(1) : h(x) = 3x f(x) = 2x + 1
• h(1) = 3(1) f(3) = 2(3) + 1
• h(1) = 3 f(3) = 7
• Therefore, (f ◦ h)(1) = f(h(1)) = f(3) = 7 ■
• D. (h ◦ f)(1) : f(x) = 2x + 1 h(x) = 3x
• f(1) = 2(1) + 1 h(3) = 3(3)
• f(1) = 2 + 1 = 3 h(3) = 9
• Therefore, (f ◦ h)(1) = h(f(1)) = h(3) = 9 ■
• E.
  If f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = ,
• find the values of the following:
• 1. (f ◦ g)(2) 2. (g ◦ f)(2) 3. (g ◦ g)(2)
• Solutions:
• 1. (f ◦ g)(2) : g(x) = f(x) = x2 + 2
• g(2) = = 1 f(1) = 1 + 2 = 3
• Therefore, (f ◦ g)(2) = f(g(2)) = f(1) = 3 ■
• 2. (g ◦ f)(2) : f(x) = x2 + 2 g(x) =
• f(2) = (2)2 + 2 g(6) = =
• f(2) = 4 + 2 = 6
• Therefore, (g ◦ f)(2) = g(f(2)) = g(6) = 𝟏 𝟑 ■
• 3. (g ◦ g)(2) : g(x) =
• g(2) = = 1 g(1) = = 2
• Therefore, (g ◦ g)(2) = g(g(2)) = g(1) = 2 ■
• Activity
• Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
• 1. Which of the following defines the difference of f - h given that f
and h are functions?
• A. (f + h)(x) = f(x) + h(x) B. (f + h)(x) = f(x) – h(x)
• C. (f + h)(x) = f(x) • h(x) D. (f + h)(x) = f(h(x))
• 2. The process of obtaining a composite function is called
_____________________.
• A. composting function B. compositing function
• C. decomposition function D. function composition
• 3. Which of the following notation is read as “h composed with g”?
• A. h(g) B. h ◦ g C. h• g D. g ◦ h
• 
• f(x) = 3x – 5 ; g(x) = x2
• For items No. 4 to No. 10, refer to the given functions below:  
• 
• 4. (f – g)(x) = -______________________
f(x) – g(x)

= 3x-5-x2
. = -x2 + 3x – 5

• A. x2 + 3x – 5 B. –x2 – 3x – 5 C. –x2 – 3x + 5 D. –x2 + 3x – 5

•
5. (f + g)(x) =
f(x)+ g(x)

= 3x – 5+x2

= x2 + 3x -5

= x2 + 3x – 5

• A. 2x2 – 5 B. x2 + 3x – 5 C. 3x – 5 – x2 D. x2 – 8x
• 6. (g • g)(x) = _______________
• A. x B. x4 C. 3x3 – 5x2 D. cannot be determined
• 7. (f • g)(x) = ______________________
• A. 3x3 – 5x2 B. 3x – 5x2 C. -2x3 D. -5x2 – 3x
• 8. (f ◦ g)(x) = _______________
• A. 3x2 – 15 B. 3x3 – 5x2 C. 2x2 – 5 D. 3x2 – 5
• 9. (x) = ___________________
• A. B. C. D. 2x – 5
• 10. Which of the following yields the same result when (g ◦ g)(x) is performed?
• A. g • g B. f • g C. g • f D. f • f
• 
•