TASK MEETING 6

Nama : Refta Sekar Devi

NIM : P17125020037

Introduction to Dentistry
and
Dental Terminology

ENGLISH FOR DENTAL NURSE

 TASK MEETING 6

Find out some dental terminologies and their explanations . You may use keywords/
clues (support with the relevant image).

1.Dental specialties
2.Tooth anatomy (include tooth numbering /naming)
3.Dental Health problems / diseases (caries, tartar, gingivities, etc)
4.Treatments (restoration, crown, etc)

(find out as many as you can)

 1.Dental specialties

• Dental Public Health (DPH)

Dental Public Health (DPH) is a science and art of preventing and controlling dental
diseases and promoting dental health through organized community efforts.
Dental public health is para-clinical specialty of dentistry that deals with the
prevention of oral disease and promotion of oral health, and also involved in the
assessment of key dental health needs and coming up with effective solutions to
improve the dental health of populations rather than individuals.

Known as : (1) organized community efforts, (2) prevention of oral disease and
promotion of oral health

• Dental Anesthesiologist

Dental anesthesiologist is the specialty of dentistry that deals with the advanced use
of general anesthesia, sedation and pain management to facilitate dental
procedures.

Known as : (1) anesthesic, (2) sedation and pain management

• Endodontics Dentistry

Endodontics is a branch of dental medicine that specializes in the treatment and

management of conditions affecting the dental pulp or the interior of the tooth. The
primary goal of endodontist is to save the natural tooth for as long as possible, thus also
protecting patients from the long process and the high costs of tooth replacement.

Known as : (1) root canals, (2) concerning dental pulp and tissues, (3) restoration

• Pediatric Dentistry

Pediatric dentistry is a branch of dentistry that deals with the examination and management
of dental health in children to provide primary and comprehensive preventive and
therapeutic oral health care for children. Pediatric dentists treat a broad range of
diseases in infants, children and adolescents, including those with special health care
needs, and are experts in providing care to make their patients feel comfortable.

Known as : (1) Children's Dentist, (2) children and adolescent's treatment

• Periodontics Dentistry

A dentist who specializes in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease
and in the placement of dental implants. Periodontists are familiar with the latest
techniques for diagnosing and treating periodontal disease.

Known as : (1) Gum, (2) Periodontal disease, (3) Periodontal tissue

• Orthodontics Dentistry

Orthodontists use fixed and removable dental devices, like braces, retainers, and bands, to
change the position of teeth in the mouth. They treat dental abnormalities.

Known as : (1) Bite problems, (2) brace, (3) Jaw misalignment, (4) change the position of
teeth

• Prosthodontics Dentistry

The dental specialty pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation, and
maintenance of oral function, comfort, appearance, and health of patients with clinical
conditions associated with missing or deficient teeth and/or oral and maxillofacial tissues
using biocompatible substitutes

Known as : (1) missing teeth, (2) rehabilitation, (3) replacement

• Oral and Maxillofacial Radiologys

Specialty of dentistry and discipline of radiology concerned with the production and
interpretation of radiographic images, including CT and MRI scans that are used for the
diagnosis and management of diseases, disorders and conditions of the mouth, face and
jaws

Known as : (1) CT and MRI scans, (2) radiographic image (X-ray)

 2. Tooth anatomy

• Enamel

Enamel is a protective layer that covers each and every tooth. It is a hard substance
on the outer part of your teeth and is seen every time you look into your mouth.
Enamel is considered the hardest substance in the human body, even harder
than bones.

Known as : (1) teeth's covers, (2) hardest substance

• Dentin

That part of the tooth that is beneath enamel and cementum. Dentin or dentine is a
layer of material that lies immediately underneath the enamel of the tooth and it
is also sensitivity to pain, pressure, and temperature. It is harder than bone but
softer than enamel and consists mainly of apatite crystals of calcium and
phosphate.

Known as : (1) under neath the enamel, (2) Sensitivity

• Pulp

Dental pulp is the center part of a tooth comprised of connective tissue, blood vessels, and
cells. The primary function of dental pulp is providing vitality to the tooth

Known as : (1) nerves, (2) dental vitality

• Cementum

Dental cementum is a living tissue that continues to grow throughout life. It is the calcified
material that covers the outside of the tooth root, and provides the attachment site for
the periodontal ligaments which hold the tooth to the alveolar bone within the socket.

Known as : (1) tooth root's cover, (2) attachment

• Ligamentum Periodontal

The periodontal ligament is only found between the tooth root and adjacent bone and does
not support the outer gum tissues. The complex nature of the PDL tissue allows the
tooth to properly function during chewing and to withstand the pressure from grinding
or clenching..

Known as : (1) surrounding alveolar bone, (2) not attached to the tooth
 3. Dental Health problems /Diseases
• Caries

Tooth decay (dental caries) is damage to a tooth that can happen when decay-
causing bacteria in your mouth make acids that attack the tooth’s surface, or
enamel. This can lead to a small hole in a tooth, called a cavity. If tooth decay is
not treated, it can cause pain, infection, and even tooth loss.

Known as : (1) small hole, (2) decay

• Gingivitis

Gingivitis means inflammation of the gums, or gingiva. It commonly occurs because

a film of plaque, or bacteria, accumulates on the teeth.

Known as : (1) inflammation, (2) bacterial infection

• Periodontitis

Periodontitis, also called gum disease, is a serious gum infection that damages the
soft tissue and, without treatment, can destroy the bone that supports your
teeth. Periodontitis can cause teeth to loosen or lead to tooth loss. Periodontitis
is common but largely preventable. It's usually the result of poor oral hygiene.

Known as : (1) serious gum infection, (2) gum disease

• Calculuc/ tartar

calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque. It is caused by precipitation of minerals

from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in plaque on the teeth. This process of
precipitation kills the bacterial cells within dental plaque, but the rough and hardened
surface that is formed provides an ideal surface for further plaque formation.

Known as : (1) hardened dental plaque, (2) plaque deposits

• Dental erosion

Dental erosion is the loss of tooth enamel caused by acid attack. Enamel is the hard,
protective coating of the tooth, which protects the sensitive dentine underneath. When
the enamel is worn away, the dentine underneath is exposed, which may lead to pain
and sensitivity.

Known as : (1) loss of tooth enamel, (2) sensitivity

• Xerostomia

Xerostomia is the feeling of having a persistent and unusually dry mouth. Xerostomia is
caused by reduced or insufficient saliva production by the salivary glands found in and
around the mouth and throat.

Known as : (1) insufficient saliva production, (2) burning or tingling sensation on the tongue
• Impacted Tooth

An impacted tooth is a tooth that does not break through the gum. An impacted tooth
remains stuck in gum tissue or bone for various reasons. The area may be overcrowded,
leaving no room for the teeth to emerge.

Known as : (1) fails to erupt, (2) teeth aren't able to grow in properly on their own

• Dental erosion

Dental erosion is the loss of tooth enamel caused by acid attack. Enamel is the hard,
protective coating of the tooth, which protects the sensitive dentine underneath. When
the enamel is worn away, the dentine underneath is exposed, which may lead to pain
and sensitivity.

Known as : (1) loss of tooth enamel, (2) sensitivity

• Abration

Dental abrasion refers to the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign
object. Abrasion is the abnormal wear of a tooth. It is usually caused by a toothpaste that
is too abrasive or gritty or by aggressive brushing with a hard bristled brush.

Known as : (1)Tooth Sensitivity, (2) Gum Recession

• Restoration
4. Treatments
Dental restoration, dental fillings, or simply fillings, are treatments used to restore
the function, integrity, and morphology of missing tooth structure resulting
from caries or external trauma as well as to the replacement of such structure
supported by dental implants.

Known as : (1) dental filling, (2) replacement

• Bonding

Tooth bonding (dental bonding) is a cosmetic dental procedure that repairs a

chipped, cracked, or otherwise broken tooth. It also helps with discolored teeth,
gaps between the teeth, and even lengthening a tooth hat’s shorter than the
rest

Known as : (1) composite color, (2) repair the damage

• Sealant

Dental sealants are invisible plastic resin coatings that smooth out the chewing
surfaces of the back teeth, making them resistant to decay. A sealed tooth is far
less likely to develop a cavity, which can require more expensive dental
treatment later.

Known as : (1) mini plastic filling, (2) protective coating

• Scaling

Scaling is a common dental procedure for patients with gum disease. This is a type of dental
cleaning that reaches below the gumline to remove plaque buildup. The process of
scaling and root planing the teeth is often referred to as a deep cleaning.

Known as : (1) tooth's cleaning, (2) remove the plaque and tartar

• Veneer

Dental veneers are thin, tooth-colored shells that are attached to the front surface of teeth
to improve their appearance. They’re often made from porcelain or resin-composite
materials and are permanently bonded.

Known as : (1) made from porcelain, (2) permanently bonded

• Root Canal Traetment

Root canal treatment is a dental procedure used to treat infection at the centre of a tooth.
Root canal treatment is not painful and can save a tooth that might otherwise have to be
removed completely.

Known as : (1) treat the pulp, (2) therapy, (3) drilling a tooth's hole
• Extraction

Tooth extraction is the removal of a tooth from its socket in the bone. A tooth extraction is
the permanent removal of a tooth from its socket and may be done manually using
forceps or surgically. Extraction is recommended when the tooth cannot be saved with
other treatments such as root canal treatment and to prevent infection from spreading
to other areas of your mouth.

Known as : (1) removal of a tooth, (2) simple extraction

• Bridge

A dental bridge permanently replaces missing teeth with false teeth. The bridge is attached
to the teeth on either side of the gap. Bridges are usually made of porcelain or metal

Known as : (1) replaces missing teeth, (2) fill the gap

 Dentistry

• Dentistry is defined as the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention

and/or treatment (nonsurgical, surgical or related
procedures) of diseases, disorders and/or conditions of the
oral cavity, maxillofacial area and/or the adjacent and
associated structures and their impact on the human body;
provided by a dentist, within the scope of his/her education,
training and experience, in accordance with the ethics of the
profession and applicable law.
 Dental Specialties
1. Dental Public Health
2. Endodontics
3. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
4. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
5. Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
6. Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
7. Pediatric Dentistry
8. Periodontics
9. Prosthodontics
 Dental Public Health

• Concerned with preventing and controlling dental

diseases and promoting dental health through
organized community efforts.
 Endodontics

• Concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

of diseases and injuries of the pulp and associated
periradicular tissues.

• Known most for the performance of:

“Root Canals”
 Oral Pathology

• Concerned with the nature of disease affecting the oral

structures and adjacent regions

• Involved with diagnosis of:

“biopsies”
 Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology

• Concerned with the production and interpretation of

images and data produced by all modalities of radiant
energy that are used for the diagnosis and management
of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral and
maxillofacial region.
 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

• Concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of

diseases, injuries, and defects of the oral and maxillofacial
regions

• Known for:
• “Extraction of Wisdom Teeth”
• “Reconstruction of Facial Regions”
 Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics

• Concerned with the supervision, guidance,

and correction of all forms of malocclusion of
the growing or mature dentofacial structures

• Known most for:

“Braces”
 Pediatric Dentistry

• Concerned with the preventive and therapeutic oral

healthcare of children from birth through adolescence.

• Known as:
“Children’s Dentist”
 Periodontics

• Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disease of

the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth.

• Involved mainly with the treatment of:

“Gums”
 Prosthodontics
• Concerned with the restoration and maintenance of
oral functions by the restoration of natural teeth or the
replacement of missing teeth and contiguous oral and
maxillofacial tissues with artificial substitutes known
as prostheses.

• Known for treatment of denture patients or those

patients requiring extensive crown and bridge work.
Introduction to Dental Terms
 Basic Dental Terminology

Teeth Dentition
Person with teeth Dentate
Person without teeth Edentulous
Baby teeth Deciduous (primary)
Gums Gingiva
Gums of person ridges
without teeth
 Basic Dental Terminology

Gum disease Gingivitis / periodontitis

Tartar Calculus
Roof of mouth Palate
Upper jaw Maxilla (maxillary arch)
Lower jaw Mandible (mandibular arch)
Jaw joint Temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)
 Basic Dental Terminology

Cavity Caries
Filling Restoration
Shot Local Anesthesia
Bite Occlusion
Teeth cleaning Oral prophylaxis (prophy)
Tooth Anatomy

root

crown
Tooth Anatomy

Cementum

Cemental
enamel junction
(CEJ)

Enamel
Tooth Anatomy

Enamel
Dentin
Pulp

Cementum
Anatomy of Teeth and Surrounding
Tissues
 Enamel
•Makes up the anatomic crown of the tooth.

•Hardest material of the body.

•Is translucent (allows light to pass through it) and ranges in color
from yellow-white to gray-white.

•Shade differences are dependent on the color of the dentin that

lies beneath the enamel.
Structure of Enamel
•96-99% Inorganic Matter

•Hydroxyapatite, which consists primarily

of calcium, is the largest mineral
component.

•Enamel is composed of millions of

calcified prisms, known as enamel rods.

•These rods extend from the surface of the

tooth into the DEJ.
 Dentin
•Makes up the main portion of the tooth structure
extending almost the entire length of the tooth.

•It is covered by enamel on the crown surface and

cementum on the root surface.

•Dentin is light yellow and some what translucent. The

color may darken with age
 Structure of Dentin

• Dentin is harder than bone and cementum, but not as hard as enamel.

• It is composed of 70% inorganic material and 30% organic material

and water. This decrease in mineralization allows for the more rapid
spread of caries through tooth structure.

• Instead of enamel rods, dentin is composed of many, many

microscopic dentin tubules.
 Cementum

• The primary function of cementum is to anchor the tooth

to the bony socket with attachment.

• Cementum is light yellow and is easily distinguished from

enamel due to its lack of luster and darker hue.
Structure of the Pulp
•The pulp is made up of nerves
and blood vessels that enter the
pulp chamber via the apical
foramen.

•The tissue fluid interchange

between the dentin and the pulp
allow for moisture and nutrients of
the dentin.

•The nerve supply of the pulp

receives and transmits pain
stimuli.
How does the tooth “attach” to the
bone?

• The tooth is not in contact

with the bone but is
suspended in place by the
periodontal ligament which is
sandwiched between the
cementum and the alveolar
bone
Oral Cavity Terminology
and
Anatomy
 Oral Cavity

• Many areas in the oral cavity are identified according to their

relationship with the tongue, palate, cheek, facial surface or lips.

• Lingual- closest to the tongue.

• Palatal-closest to the palate.
• Buccal-closest to the cheek (also Facial)
• Labial-closest to the lips (also Facial)
Vestibules
•The spaces between the lips,
cheeks, and gingiva are called the
maxillary and the mandibular
vestibules.

•A frenum is a band of tissue that

connects two structures.
• Labial Frenum
• Buccal Frenum
Gingiva

•Most commonly referred to

as the gums. The gingiva is
the masticatory mucosa
previously discussed.

•
 Palate

The roof of the mouth

has two parts:
Anterior
Posterior

The anterior firm portion

is called the hard palate.

The posterior loose

portion is called the soft
palate.

The uvula hangs down in

this region.
 Tongue
Dorsal surface •The dorsal (top) surface is
Lateral surface covered by thick and highly
specialized epithelium,

•The ventral (underside)

surface is highly vascular and
covered with a very delicate
lining mucosa.

•The tip of the tongue is

termed the apex of the tongue.
Apex
Ventral surface
 Lips
Philtrum •Also known as Labia.
•Formed externally by the skin and
internally by mucous membranes.

•Commisure: the angle at the corner of

the mouth where the upper and lower
lips meet.

•Vermillion Border-the red free margins,

representing a transition from skin to
the red mucous membrane portion.

Vermilion Zone
Tooth Numbering
• 32 adult teeth total

• Each arch (maxilla & mandible) has 16 teeth

• Each arch has two quadrants of 8 teeth
32 adult teeth

Each arch has 16 teeth

Each arch has two quadrants

of 8 teeth
Universal Numbering System (ADA)

•The permanent teeth are

numbered 1-32.
•Numbering begins with the
upper right third molar
continues around to the upper
left third molar.
•The mandibular numbering
starts at 17, with the
mandibular left third molar
continuing to the mandibular
right third molar.
 Primary Dentition

• There are 20 teeth in the primary dentition, all teeth are eventually exfoliated
during the eruption of the permanent dentition.

• There are no premolars in the primary dentition. However when erupted the
premolars replace the existence of the primary first and second molars.

• Each quadrant contains five teeth

• Two incisors (central & lateral)
• One cuspid
• Two molars (1st & 2nd)
Types of Teeth
Types of Teeth Anterior teeth
Central incisor
Lateral incisor

Posterior teeth Canine (cuspid)

1st premolar
2nd premolar
1st molar
2nd molar
3rd molar
Incisors
•Incisors are single rooted with
a sharp thin edge.

•They are located at the front

of the mouth.

•They are designed to cut food

without the application of
heavy forces.

•8 in total dentition (4 in
maxillary arch, 4 in mandibular
arch.
Canines
•Designed for the cutting and tearing of foods that require
the application of force.

•The single canine root is the longest in the dentition. The

bony ridge over the facial part of the root is called the
“bony eminence.”

•The canine crown is thick with one well developed pointed

cusp.

•4 in total, 2 maxillary, 2 mandibular arch.

•Referred to as the cornerstone of the dental arch due to

location. Usually one of the last teeth in the mouth to be
lost.
Premolars

•Similar to canines in that they have points

and cusps for grasping and tearing.

•They have a somewhat broader working

surface for chewing.

•8 in total, 4 in maxillary arch, 4 in mandibular

arch.

•The premolar is the only type of tooth that is

not found in the primary dentition.
Molars

•Molars have the most cusps of all the

teeth in the dentition.

•The shorter, blunter design of these cusps

produces a broad working surface that is
used for chewing and grinding solid
masses of food that require the application
of heavy forces.

•An adult dentition has up to 12 molars

present. The number depends on
development, eruption, and prior needs for
extraction.
Tooth Surfaces
Tooth Surfaces
• Five surfaces:
1. Facial (labial / buccal)
• Facing out
2. Lingual (palatal)
• Facing in
3. Masticatory (incisal/occlusal)
• Chewing surface
4. Mesial
• Towards the midline
5. Distal
• Away from the midline
 Tooth Surfaces

4. Mesial 5. Distal

2. Palatal

3. Incisal 1. Facial (labial)

 Tooth Surfaces

Distal Mesial

Both Mesial and Distal Surfaces are also referred to as PROXIMAL

Anatomic Features of the Teeth

Cusp:

•A pronounced elevation on the

occlusal surface terminating in a
conical or rounded surface.
Anatomic Features of the Teeth

•Mamelon:
•A rounded or conical prominence
on the incisal ridge of a newly
erupted incisor. They are usually
three in number, and soon
disappear as a result of wear.
 Contours

•When tooth is restored, it is important to return it to normal contour

•With inadequate contour, the gingiva may be damaged (B)
•With overcontouring the gingiva will lack adequate stimulation (C)
Contacts

• The contact area is the region

of the mesial and distal
surfaces (proximal surface) of
a tooth that touch the
adjacent tooth.
 Contacts
• The proper contact relationship between adjacent teeth
accomplished 3 things

• It serves to keep food from being trapped between teeth

• It helps to stabilize the dental arches by combined anchorage of all

teeth in either arch in positive contact with each other.

• It protects the interproximal gingival tissue from trauma during

mastication.
 Occlusion

• Occlusion is the contact between the maxillary and mandibular teeth in all
mandibular positions and movements.
 Occlusion

• Centric Occlusion

• Occurs when the jaws are closed in a position that produces maximal stable contact
between the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth.

• Malocclusion

• Refers to abnormal or malpositioned relationships of the maxillary teeth to

mandibular teeth
Dental Restorations
 Dental Decay
Periodontal Disease
Genetic Disorder

Missing Teeth
Missing Tooth Structure
(Esthetic Imperfections)

Restoring Form & Function

(Esthetic Improvements)

Restoration of Tooth Structure Replacing Missing Teeth

Direct Restorations Indirect Restorations Fixed Restorations Removable Rest.

Composite Fillings Crowns Bridges (w/Pontic) Partial Denture
Amalgam Fillings Inlays/Onlays Implants Complete Denture
Gold Foil Fillings Veneers
 Restoration of Tooth Structure

Direct Restorations
(Fillings placed directly in the mouth)

Gold Foil Amalgam Composite (Resin)

“Gold fillings” “Silver fillings” “White fillings”
Declining Economic Most popular

Bonded Restorations
 Adhesives
 Composites
 Polishers
Fixed vs Removable Restorations

• Some restorations are meant to be fixed to the patient’s tooth / teeth

•Veneers
•Inlay
•Onlay
•Crown
•Bridge
• Some restorations are meant to be removable by the patient
•Partial denture
•Complete denture
 Restorations

•Direct restoration (Clinical)

•Indirect restoration (Technical)

 Clinical restorations

• A typical clinical restoration can be a silver filling (amalgam)

or a tooth colored filling (direct resin).
 Indirect Restorations
• The decision to do an indirect (technical restoration) is usually
determined by the amount of tooth structure that needs
restoration. The following is a list of technical restorations
from the least amount of tooth structure / teeth that needs to
be replaced to the most.
•Veneer
•Inlay
•Onlay
•Crown
•Bridge
•Partial denture
•Complete denture
 Veneers

A veneer is a conservative restoration that is selected when

the facial surface of a tooth requires replacement primarily
due to esthetic considerations.
Minimal tooth structure is removed (0.3-0.8mm)
 Inlay
An inlay is a conservative
restoration that is designed to
fit into a preparation that is
within the tooth.
It does not involve
replacement of the cusps.
Like a Class II restoration,
covers a portion of the
occlusal and proximal surface
areas.
The materials of choice are;
•Indirect resin
•Cast metal
•Porcelain
 Onlay

An inlay is a conservative
restoration that is designed to fit
into a preparation that is within
the tooth.
It does involve replacement of
one or more cusps.

The material options are;

Indirect resin
Cast metal
porcelain
 Crown
•When more than 50% of the crown of a tooth
must be replaced it is necessary to prepare the
tooth for a full crown in order to restore the
tooth back to its original contour and function.
•

•Material options:

•All metal
•All ceramic
•Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)
•
Bridge (Fixed Partial Dental Prosthesis/ FPDP)

•If a tooth is missing it can be

replaced by preparing a tooth on
Material
either sideoptions:
of the missing tooth and
fabricate a “bridge”
••All metaloptions;
Material
•All ceramic
•
•Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)
Bridge (Fixed Partial Dental Prosthesis/ FPDP)

A pontic is an artificial tooth, or part of

the dental appliance that replaces a
missing natural tooth.

An abutment, also known as a

retainer, is a natural tooth that serves
as the support for the replacement
tooth or teeth in a fixed bridge. The
abutment tooth is usually prepared
with an onlay or a cast crown.
Bridge (Fixed Dental Prosthesis/ FDP)

Framework Material Options:

Metal (PFM)

Ceramic (All ceramic)

• Pressed

• CAD/CAM
Partial Denture

Removable Prosthodontics is the area

of dentistry dealing with replacement
of missing teeth with a prosthesis that
the patient is able to remove and
replace.

Removable Partial Dentures-

commonly referred to as a partial,
replaces one or more teeth in one arch
Partial Denture
Base metal
framework

Denture
teeth

Denture
Base Resin
Complete Denture

•Removable Complete Denture,

•(Denture):

•A removable dental prosthesis that

replaces all the teeth and associated
structures of one arch.

•Complete removable dental

prosthesis.
•