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 OUTLINE
Objectives of this session
1/ Introduction
> What global problem was BC originally designed to address?

2/ Basel Convention
> What are the objectives of BC and how is it organised?

3/ Waste types covered by Basel Convention

> What is the classification of those wastes?

4/ Implementation
> How is it implemented at global and national level?

5/ Affiliated instruments
> What are the 3 affiliated instruments?

6/ CP and Basel Convention

> What are the link between CP and Basel Convention?
INTRODUCTION
O critical problema

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BBC News, December 22th, 1998

 INTRODUCTION
Historical background

In the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental

regulations in industrialized countries led to a
dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste disposal.

Searching for cheaper ways to get rid of the wastes,

]toxic traders´ began shipping hazardous waste to
Developing Countries and to Eastern Europe.

When this activity was revealed, international outrage led

to the drafting and adoption of the Basel Convention.
 INTRODUCTION
What makes a waste hazardous?
4 main characteristics of hazardous wastes

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Different shapes and forms

> liquids, solids, contained gases, sludge, etc.
 INTRODUCTION
Wastes generated worldwide in 2010
2% exported

400 millions
tones of wastes
generated
90% classified as
hazardous

 " he principal waste exported by volume was lead and

lead compounds bound for recycling.
 BASEL CONVENTION
Overview of the Basel Convention

O global legal instrument on ]the control of transboundary

movements of hazardous wastes and on their disposal´.
Odopted in 1989, entered into force in 1992.
Status of participation (2006): 168 Parties.
Offiliated instruments:
> Basel Ban (1995)
> Liability Protocol (1995)
> Environmentally Sound Management (1999)
 BASEL CONVENTION
168 Parties to the Basel Convention

Parties *
Non-parties

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 BASEL CONVENTION
Overall goal and objectives
What is the overall goal ?
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What are the further objectives ?
1/ o reduce transboundary movements of hazardous
waste to a minimum consistent with their environmentally
sound management;
2/ o dispose hazardous wastes as close as possible to
their source of generation;
3/ o minimize the generation of hazardous waste in terms
of quantity and hazardousness.
 WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
Classification by characteristics
4 main characteristics of hazardous wastes:
> oxic > Corrosive
> Reactive > Ignitable

Basel Convention gives 13 characteristics:

> Listed in Onnex III;
> Based on ODR rules (UN Committee on the ransport of
Dangerous Goods by Road or Rail);
> Represented as codes H1-H13.

Excluded from the scope of the Convention are:

> Radioactive waste
> Waste derived from normal operation of a ship
WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
1- oxicity

DEFINITION
oxic wastes are harmful or fatal
when ingested, inhaled or absorbed
through the skin.

EXAMPLES
> Spent cyanide solutions
> Waste pesticides
WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
2- Corrosivity

DEFINITION
Ocids or alkalis that are capable of
dissolving human flesh and corroding
metal such as storage tanks and
drums.

EXAMPLES
> Ocids from metals cleaning
processes e.g. ferric chloride from
printed circuit board manufacture;
> Liquor from steel manufacture.
WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
3- Ignitability

DEFINITION
Wastes that can cause fires under
certain conditions or are
spontaneously combustible.

EXAMPLES
> Waste oil
> Used solvents
> Organic cleaning materials
> Paint waste
WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
4- Reactivity

DEFINITION
Reactive wastes are unstable under
µnormal conditions¶. hey can cause:
explosions, toxic fumes, gases or
vapours.

EXAMPLES
> Peroxide solutions
> Hypochlorite solutions or solids
WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
5- Eco-toxicity

DEFINITION
Eco-toxic waste is harmful or fatal to
other species or to the ecological
integrity of their habitats.

EXAMPLES
> Heavy metals
> Detergents
> Oils
> Soluble salts
 WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
Waste classification by origin
he Basel Convention¶s list of hazardous waste
categories (Y1 to Y18) identifies wastes from specific
processes (Onnex 1).
Some example:
Y1 - Clinical wastes
:
Y6 - Wastes from the production and use of organic solvents
:
Y18 - Residues from industrial waste disposal operations

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 IMPLEMENTATION
Milestones
1989 / 1999 - First decade achievements
> Framework for controlling transboundary movements of hazardous wastes;
> Control system (based on prior written notification);
> Developed criteria for ]Environmentally Sound Management´ (ESM).

2000 / 2010 - Second decade priorities

> Partnerships to increase co-operation and strategic alliances;
> Environmentally sound management and active promotion and use of cleaner
technologies and production methods;
> Further reduction of the movement of hazardous and other wastes;
> Prevention and monitoring of illegal traffic;
> Improvement of institutional and technical capabilities especially for
developing and EI countries;
> Further development of regional and sub-regional centres for training and
technology transfer.
 IMPLEMENTATION
Global level
Conference of the Parties (COP)
> Develops and keep under review the implementation of the
Basel Convention

Basel Secretariat
> Co-operates with national authority in:
- Developing national legislation
- Setting up inventories of hazardous wastes
- Strengthening national institutions
- Ossessing the HW management situation
- Preparing HW management plans
- Preparing policy tools
> Ossist countries with technical and legal advice
3

> Support Basel Convention Regional Centers

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 IMPLEMENTATION
National level
National Focal Point
> Entity of a Party to the Basel Convention for receiving
and transmitting information as required by the Convention
to and from the COP.

National Competent Authority

> One governmental authority designated by a Party,
responsible for receiving the notifications of transboundary
movements of waste.

Basel Convention Regional Centers (BCRCs)

> Ossist developing countries and countries in transition
through capacity-building for environmentally sound
management, to achieve the fulfilment of the objectives of
the Convention.
 IMPLEMENTATION
Basel Convention Regional Centers
14 BCRCs worldwide
Regional Centers for raining and echnology ransfers
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1/ BCRC for the Orab States in Egypt

2/ BCRC in Nigeria
3/ BCRC in Senegal
4/ BCRC in South Ofrica


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5/ BCRC in China
6/ BCRC in Indonesia
7/ BCRC in the South Pacific region
8/ BCRC in ehran
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9/ BCRC in the Russian Federation
10/ BCRC in Slovakia

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11/ BCRC in Orgentina
12/ BCRC in El Salvador
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13/ BCRC in rinidad and obago
1/ raining 2/ echnology transfer 3/ Information; 14/ BCRC for Latin Omerica and Caribbean
region in Uruguay
4/ Consulting 5/ Owareness-raising.
 AFFILIATED INSTRUMENTS
Basel Ban (1)
DEFINITION
Omendment on the control of transboundary movements of
hazardous wastes and their disposal.

OBJECTIVES
Ban exports of hazardous wastes for final disposal, recovery, or
recycling from states listed in Onnex VII (mainly OECD countries) to
states not listed in Onnex VII (mainly non-OECD countries).

RATIFICATION STATUS
> Not into force yet; 75% (=62) ratification needed to enter into force:
present status 61.
> Main argument for disagreement from opposing countries (such as
Oustralia, USO, Canada): GO -inconsistent and trade-disruptive).
AFFILIATED INSTRUMENTS
Basel Ban (2)
 AFFILIATED INSTRUMENTS
Liability Protocol
DEFINITION
Basel Protocol on liability and compensation for damage resulting
from transboundary movements of hazardous waste and their
disposal.

OBJECTIVES
Provide for a comprehensive regime for liability as well as adequate
and prompt compensation for damage resulting from the
transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes,
including incidents occurring because of illegal traffic.

RATIFICATION STATUS
> 20 ratifications needed to enter into force.
> Not into force yet (13 signatories)
 AFFILIATED INSTRUMENTS
Environmentally Sound Management
Basel Ministerial Declaration on ESM of hazardous wastes
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iey principles
> Special attention to prevention and
minimisation of hazardous and other
wastes (= CP mandate)
> Requires capacity building, policy
reforms and promotion and use of cleaner
technologies and production methods.
 CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Obout industrials

Why is there an interest for industry ?

> Industry main producer of hazardous waste.

> Directly confronted with legislation and regulations

(storage, transport, disposal).

> Co-responsibility for waste minimisation.

> Can be win-win, e.g. not only cutting costs for removal
but also preventing up-stream costs.
 CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Common industrial sources
Flammable - solvents
From chemical manufacturers, laundries & dry cleaners, metal
plating, tanneries, print shops etc.

Corrosive - acids and alkalis

From cleaning & maintenance, equipment repair, vehicle body
shops etc.

Reactive - bleaches and oxidizers

From chemical manufacturers, laboratories etc.

Toxic and eco-toxic - heavy metals, pesticides, cyanides

From metals manufacturing, photographic processing, pesticide
end users etc.
CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Waste generating industries

Large quantity generators

> 1000kg /month
e.g. pharmaceutical companies

Medium quantity generators

100 - 1000kg/month
e.g. laboratories, printers

Small quantity generators

<100kg/month
e.g. dental surgeries,
photographic processors
 CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Small and Medium scale Enterprises

In developing economies, these often predominate

> ypically SME have:
- low level of technology
- unskilled management
- unspecialised workers
- lack of modernisation
- poor environmental performance

> SME may account for one third of the total hazardous wastes generated;
> here are high risks from occupational and environmental exposure.
CP & BASEL CONVENTION
12 key sectors (SE Osia 1990)
1. anneries
2. extile dyeing plants
3. Dyestuff producers
4. Metal working and electroplating shops
5. Foundries
6. Outomobile service shops and gas stations
7. Lead-acid battery manufacturing/recycling
8. Chemical industries/laboratories
9. Paint shops
10. Printers
11. Photographic processors
12. Dry cleaners
 CP & BASEL CONVENTION
he CP linkage
What is the role of Cleaner Production practitioners?
> Use the CP methodology to identify opportunities in industry to
reduce their generation of hazardous waste;

> Use the Basel Convention requirements as an additional driving

force for industry and government to more actively use the CP tools
and methodologies;

> Create links between the Convention and private sector;

> Build CP capacity in the Basel Convention Regional Centers so as

to in the centers to promote CP< and to create synergies between
CP practitioners and BCRC.
 CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Capacity Building and ESM
What Cleaner Production practitioners can do?
> Promote existing relevant Cleaner Production guidelines and
manuals for tackling priority waste streams;
> Develop new materials tailored to the needs of the Convention;
> Offer knowledge of the information sources on ESM for the
relevant waste streams;
> Conduct demonstration projects for ESM in your countries in the
priority waste generating sectors;
> Conduct training on ESM tailored to local conditions;
> Provide technical assistance services;
> Provide policy advice and lobby for Cleaner Production policies
and legislation in your country.
 CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Synthesis

Strengthen link between the private

sector and the Convention
Include Basel implementation
Cleaner actors in CP partnerships
Basel
Production Joint training on environmentally Convention
Activities sound management
Join forces in implementation
projects
Cooperation in national reporting
CONCLUSION

hank you for your attention«

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