UTM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

CHAPTER 1 – STATICS

Mohamed Ruslan Abdullah, PhD

Department of Applied Mechanics
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Introduction
Introduction
Unit
Statics of Particle
Statics of Particle
Statics of Particle
Statics of Particle
Statics of Particle
Statics of Particle
Statics of Particle
Statics of Particle
Statics of Particle
 Statics of Particle : Example

Example 1
Three forces, F1, F2 and F3 act on point A,
determine the resultant, R.

Example 2
Three forces, F1, F2 and F3 act on point
A. If the resultant is known to be on the
a-a axis, determine the magnitude of F3
and the resultant R.
 Statics of Rigid Bodies

 Previously, only concurrent forces are considered in analyses when

bodies are treated as particles. In reality, forces act at different points
of application, so the size of the body will have to be taken into
consideration. Thus the assumption that all forces are concurrent is
no longer valid.
 Most of the bodies considered in statics are assumed to be rigid. A
rigid body is defined as a body that does not deform.

 Each of the forces acting on a rigid body can impart a motion of

translation or rotation, or both.

 Forces exerted on rigid bodies can be categorised as

 External forces: action of other bodies (causing it to move or ensure
that it remains at rest) on the rigid body under consideration.
 Internal Forces : forces that hold particles forming the rigid body
together. For rigid body with several parts, the forces holding each
part together.
Statics of Rigid Bodies: The concept of moment

The moment of a force about a point is defined by

 Observe that the moment of force F about point B

does not depend on point A, but on the line of
action of the force.
 Direction of a moment is referred to as clockwise
(CW) or counter clockwise (CCW). For the above
example, the force F will generate a clockwise
moment about point B. The usual sign convention is
CCW +ve.
 The concept of moment: Varignon’s Theorem

The moment of a force about a point is equivalent to the summation of the

moments of the force’s components about that point.

=
 The concept of moment: Example

Example 3
Determine the moment of the 1000 N force
about point B by resolving the force into its
components and use the results to find the
shortest distance between the line of force
and point B.

Example 4

Determine the moment of the 1000 N force

about point O
a. when the force is at A
b. when the force is at B
c. when the force is at C
Statics of Rigid Bodies: Free-Body Diagram
First step in the static equilibrium analysis of a rigid
body is identification of all forces acting on the body
with a free-body diagram.
• Select the extent of the free-body and detach it
from the ground and all other bodies.

• Indicate point of application, magnitude, and

direction of external forces, including the rigid body
weight.

• Indicate point of application and assumed

direction of unknown applied forces. These
usually consist of reactions through which the
ground and other bodies oppose the possible
motion of the rigid body.

• Include the dimensions necessary to compute the

moments of the forces.

4 - 19
Reactions at Supports and Connections

• Reactions equivalent to
a force with known line
of action.
Reactions at Supports and Connections

• Reactions equivalent to a
force of unknown direction
and magnitude.

• Reactions equivalent to a
force of unknown direction
and magnitude and a couple
of unknown magnitude
Free-Body Diagram: Example
 Cables/ wires/ ropes and pulleys

 All cables are assumed to be inextensible.

 All forces acting from cables must direct outwards from point of analysis, i.e. in
tension.
 When a cable passes a pulley, the tension is the same as long as it is the
same cable.
 Pulleys are assumed to be smooth except stated otherwise.
 Dimensions of a pulley are usually neglected in calculations except stated
otherwise.
Cables/ wires/ ropes and pulleys
 Example

Determine the tension in cables AB

and BC for the system to be in
equilibrium.

Draw the Free Body Diagram for the

mechanism shown. Mass of bodies
is negligible unless stated by m. All
contacting surfaces are smooth
unless otherwise stated.
 Internal forces

• Straight two-force member AB is in equilibrium

under application of F and -F.

• An internal force-couple system is required

for equilibrium of two-force members which
are not straight.
 Types of Beam Loading and Support

• Beams are classified according to way in which they are supported.

• Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they involve only three

unknowns. Otherwise, they are statically indeterminate.
Free-Body Diagram: Example
POWERPOINT TEMPLATES
EXAMPLE 5
The hoist in the figure
consists of the beam AB
and attached pulleys, the
cable, and the motor.
Determine the resultant
internal loadings acting on
the cross section at C if the
motor is lifting the 2000 N
(approximate 200 kg) load
W with constant velocity.
Neglect the weight of the
pulleys and beam.
EXAMPLE 6

Determine the resultant

internal loading on the cross
section through point C of the
pliers. There is a pin at A and
the jaws at B are smooth.
EXAMPLE 7
The sky hook is used to
support the cable of a
scaffold over the side of
a building. If it consists
of a smooth rod that
contacts the parapet of a
wall at points A, B, and
C, determine the normal
force, shear force, and
moment on the cross
section at points D and
E.
 FRICTION

2 types of friction
Dry friction***
Fluid friction