Acid-Base Reactions

Strong Acid and Strong Base

HCl + NaOH 

HCl + H2O --->H3O+ + Cl-

NaOH(aq) ---> Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

H3O+ + Cl- + Na++ OH-  2 H2O + Cl- + Na+

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Net ionic Equation doesn’t
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 Acid-Base Reactions

H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH- K = 1 x 10-14

H3O+ + OH-  2 H2O

K = 1/ 1 x 10-14 = 1 x 1014

NEUTRALIZATION
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REACTION, pH = 7
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 Acid-Base Reactions
Strong Acid and Weak Base
HCl + NH3 

NH3(aq) + H2O(liq)  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

H3O+ + OH-  2 H2O

H3O+ + NH3  H2O + NH4+

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 Acid-Base Reactions
STRONG Acid and Weak Base
Mixing equal molar quantities gives an
acidic solution.

Weak Acid and STRONG Base

Mixing equal molar quantities gives a

basic solution.
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 Acid-Base Reactions
Weak Acid and Weak Base
pH depends on Kb and Ka of conjugate
base and acid.

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 6

Stomach Acidity &

Acid-Base Reactions

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 7

Example 18.1—Calculate pH

100 mL of 0.10 M HCl with 50 mL of 0.20 M NH3

HCl + NH3  Cl- + NH4+

0.100 L x 0.10 mol/L = 0.0100 mol HCl

=0.0100 mol Cl-

0.050 L x 0.20 mol/L = 0.0100 mol NH3

=0.0100 mol NH4+
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 8

Example 18.1—Calculate pH

100 mL of 0.10 M HCl with 50 mL of 0.20 M NH3

HCl + NH3  Cl- + NH4+

0.0100 mol Cl- / 0.150 L solution = 0.0667 M Cl-

0.0100 mol NH4+ / 0.150 L solution = 0.0667 M NH4+

H2O + NH4+  H3O+ + NH3

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 9

Example 18.1—Calculate pH
Equilibria of NH4+ contributes to pH
H2O + NH4+  H3O+ + NH3

Ka = [H3O+ ] [NH3] / [NH4+]

EQUIL Ka = x (x) / (0.0667 – x)

Ka = 5.6 x 10-10 and x = 6.1 x 10-6 M

pH = 5.21
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 Acid-Base Reactions 10

Section 18.4
QUESTION:
QUESTION: You
You titrate
titrate 100.
100. mL
mL ofof aa 0.025
0.025 M M solution
solution
of
of benzoic
benzoic acid
acid with
with 0.100
0.100 MM NaOH
NaOH to to the
the
equivalence
equivalence point.
point. What
What is
is the
the pH
pH ofof the
the final
final
solution?
solution?
HBz
HBz ++ NaOH
NaOH --->---> Na
Na++ ++ Bz
Bz-- ++ HH22O
O

C6H5CO2H = HBz
Benzoate ion = Bz-
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 Acid-Base Reactions 11

Section 18.4
The
The product
product of
of the
the titration
titration of of benzoic
benzoic acid,
acid,
the
the benzoate
benzoate ion,
ion, Bz
Bz--,, is
is the
the conjugate
conjugate base
base
of
of aa weak
weak acid.
acid. The
The final
final solution
solution is
is basic.
basic.
Bz
Bz-- ++ H
H22O
O HBz
HBz ++ OH
OH--

+
+

Kb = 1.6 x 10-10
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 12

Acid-Base
Acid-Base Reactions
Reactions
QUESTION: You titrate 100. mL of a 0.025 M solution of
benzoic acid with 0.100 M NaOH to the equivalence point.
What is the pH of the final solution?

Strategy
Strategy —
— find
find the
the conc.
conc. of
of the
the
conjugate
conjugate base
base BB-- in
in the
the solution
solution AFTER
AFTER
the
the titration,
titration, then
then calculate
calculate pH.
pH.
This
This is
is aa two-step
two-step problem
problem
1.
1. stoichiometry
stoichiometry of
of acid-base
acid-base reaction
reaction
2.
2. equilibrium
equilibrium calculation
calculation

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 13

Acid-Base
Acid-Base Reactions
Reactions
QUESTION: You titrate 100. mL of a 0.025 M solution of
benzoic acid with 0.100 M NaOH to the equivalence point.
What is the pH of the final solution?

STOICHIOMETRY
STOICHIOMETRY PORTION
PORTION
1.
1. Calc.
Calc. moles
moles of
of NaOH
NaOH req’d
req’d
(0.100
(0.100 L
L HBz)(0.025
HBz)(0.025 M)
M) == 0.0025
0.0025 mol
mol HBz
HBz
This
This requires
requires 0.0025
0.0025 mol
mol NaOH
NaOH
2.
2. Calc.
Calc. volume
volume of of NaOH
NaOH req’d
req’d
0.0025
0.0025 mol
mol (1
(1 L
L // 0.100
0.100 mol)
mol) == 0.025
0.025 L
L
25
25 mL
mL of
of NaOH
NaOH req’d
req’d
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 14

Acid-Base
Acid-Base Reactions
Reactions
QUESTION: You titrate 100. mL of a 0.025 M solution of
benzoic acid with 0.100 M NaOH to the equivalence point.
What is the pH of the final solution?
STOICHIOMETRY
STOICHIOMETRY PORTION
PORTION
25
25 mL
mL of
of NaOH
NaOH req’d
req’d
3.
3. Moles
Moles of
of Bz
Bz-- produced
produced == moles
moles HBz
HBz == 0.0025
0.0025 mol
mol
4.
4. Calc.
Calc. conc.
conc. of of Bz
Bz--
There
There are are 0.0025
0.0025 mol
mol of
of Bz
Bz-- in
in aa TOTAL
TOTAL SOLUTION
SOLUTION
VOLUME
VOLUME of of 125
125 mL
mL
[Bz
[Bz--]] == 0.0025
0.0025 mol
mol // 0.125
0.125 LL == 0.020
0.020 M
M

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 15

Acid-Base
Acid-Base Reactions
Reactions
QUESTION: You titrate 100. mL of a 0.025 M solution of
benzoic acid with 0.100 M NaOH to the equivalence point.
What is the pH of the final solution?

EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM PORTION
PORTION
Bz
Bz-- ++ H
H22O
O HBz
HBz ++ OH
OH-- K
Kbb == 1.6
1.6 xx 10
10-10
-10

[Bz
[Bz--]] [HBz]
[HBz] [OH
[OH--]]
initial
initial
change
change
equilib
equilib

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 16

Acid-Base
Acid-Base Reactions
Reactions
QUESTION: You titrate 100. mL of a 0.025 M solution of
benzoic acid with 0.100 M NaOH to the equivalence point.
What is the pH of the final solution?

EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM PORTION
PORTION
Bz
Bz-- ++ H
H22O
O HBz
HBz ++ OHOH-- K
Kbb == 1.6
1.6 xx 10
10-10
-10

[Bz
[Bz--]] [HBz]
[HBz] [OH
[OH--]]
initial
initial 0.020
0.02000 00
change
change -x -x +x
+x +x +x
equilib
equilib 0.020
0.020 -- xx xx xx

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 17

Acid-Base
Acid-Base Reactions
Reactions
QUESTION: You titrate 100. mL of a 0.025 M solution of
benzoic acid with 0.100 M NaOH to the equivalence point.
What is the pH of the final solution?
EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM PORTION
PORTION
Bz
Bz-- ++ H
H22O
O HBz
HBz ++ OH
OH-- K
Kbb == 1.6
1.6 xx 10
10-10
-10

[Bz
[Bz--]] [HBz]
[HBz] [OH
[OH--]]
equilib
equilib 0.020
0.020 -- xx xx xx
22
-10
-10 = xx
KKb  1.6
1.6 x
x 10
10 =
b 0.020
0.020 -- xx
Solving
Solving in in the
the usual
usual way,way, we
we find
find
xx == [OH
[OH--]] == 1.8
1.8 xx 10
10-6-6,, pOH
pOH == 5.75,
5.75, and
and pH
pH == 8.25
8.25
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 18

Acid-Base
Acid-Base Reactions
Reactions
QUESTION: You titrate 100. mL of a 0.025 M
solution of benzoic acid with 0.100 M NaOH
What is the pH at the half-way point?
HBz
HBz ++ H
H22O
O H
H33O
O++ ++ Bz
Bz-- K
Kaa == 6.3
6.3 xx 10
10-5-5
 
[ H 3O ][ A ]
Ka 
[ HA]
At
At the
the half-way
half-way point,
point, [HBz]
[HBz] == [Bz
[Bz--],], so
so
[H
[H33O
O++]] == 11 (K
(Kaa )) == 6.3
6.3 xx 10
10-5-5
pH
pH == 4.20
4.20

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 19

Henderson-Hasselbalch
Equation
 
[ H 3O ][ A ] ]  [Acid]
[Acid] • K
Ka  [H O
[H33O ]  [Conj. base] • Kaa
[Conj. base]
[ HA]

Take the negative log of both sides of this

equation
[Acid]
pH  pKa - log
[Conj. base]

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 20
Henderson-Hasselbalch
Equation
[Acid]
pH  pKa - log
[Conj. base]
or [Conj.
pH  pK + log [Conj. base]
base]
pH  pKaa + log [Acid]
[Acid]
This is called the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

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 21

Henderson-Hasselbalch
Equation
[Conj.
[Conj. base]
base]
pH  pK
pH pKaa ++ log
log
[Acid]
[Acid]
This shows that the pH is determined largely
by the pKa of the acid and then adjusted by
the ratio of acid and conjugate base.

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