Chem

1n.2
General Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
Elements
and Compounds
Experiment No. 6
 Learning Outcomes
To distinguish
• elements from compounds
• metals from non-metals
• physical changes from chemical changes
• physical properties from chemical properties of solids,
liquids, and gases
 Elements vs Compounds
An element is a material that
consists of a single type of atom.

Chemical bonds link elements

together to form more complex
molecules called compounds. A
compound consists of two or
more types of elements held
together by covalent or ionic
bonds.
 Elements vs Compounds

Elements cannot be divided into

smaller units without large
amounts of energy.

Compounds, on the other hand,

can have their bonds broken
with practical amounts of
energy, such as the heat from a
fire.
 Metals vs Non-metals
Metals, typically found on the
left side of the periodic table,
are:

● often conductive to
electricity
● malleable
● shiny
● sometimes magnetic.
● Aluminum, iron, copper,
gold, mercury and lead are
metals.
 Metals vs Non-metals
In contrast, non-metals, found
on the right side of the periodic
table (to the right of the
staircase), are: Carbon

● typically not conductive

● not malleable
● dull (not shiny)
● not magnetic.
● Examples of elemental
non-metals include carbon
Sulfur Red phosphorous
and oxygen.
 Physical vs Chemical
changes

Physical changes only change

the appearance of a substance,
not its chemical composition.
 Physical vs Chemical
changes
Chemical changes cause a
substance to change into an
entirely substance with a new
chemical formula.

Before After
Chemical changes are also
known as chemical reactions.
Reaction:
The “ingredients” of a reaction
iron + water + oxygen → hydrated iron (III) oxide
are called reactants, and the end
results are called products. Fe2​O3​. nH2​O(s)
 Physical and Chemical
Properties
● All properties of matter are either physical or chemical properties and physical properties are
either intensive or extensive.

● Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter being
measured.

● Intensive properties, such as density and color, do not depend on the amount of the
substance present.

● Physical properties can be measured without changing a substance’s chemical identity.

● Chemical properties can be measured only by changing a substance’s chemical identity.

Materials and Methods: A.1

Small crystal of I2

Iodine crystals
Materials and Methods: A.1

Heat gently Observe the

changes.
Materials and Methods: A.1

Observe the
effect of cooling
the vapor. I2(s)

I2(g)

I2(s)
 Materials and Methods: A.1

Sublimation of
iodine crystals
 Materials and Methods: A.1
Add 3 mL of water
to each test tube.

shake

unheated heated
Materials and Methods: A.1

2 drops of starch
solution each test
tube

Starch solution
Materials and Methods: A.1

Amylose is the compound that is

responsible for the blue color. Its
chain forms a helix shape, and
iodine can be bound inside this
helix
 Materials and Methods: A.2

HgO(s)

Mercuric (II)
oxide
 Materials and Methods: A.2

O2(l)

Hg(l)

Balance equation:

2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

Materials and Methods: A.3

Ignite the Mg
ribbon

Magnesium ribbon
Materials and Methods: A.3

Ignite the Mg
ribbon

Balance equation:

2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

Materials and Methods: A.3

Add 3 mL of water

While burning, drop it Dissolve the residue

into a clean watch
glass
Materials and Methods: A.3

Litmus paper

Moisten red and blue

litmus papers with a Balance equation:
drop of the solution
MgO(s) + H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(aq)
Materials and Methods: A.3

Ignite the sulfur

powder held at the
open end of a glass
tubing

Sulfur powder
Materials and Methods: A.3

Ignite the sulfur

powder held at the
open end of a glass
tubing

Balance equation:

S + O2 → SO2
Materials and Methods: A.3

Add 3 mL of water

While burning, drop it Dissolve the residue

into a clean watch
glass
Materials and Methods: A.3

Balance equation:

SO2(s) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq)

Moisten red and blue

litmus papers with a
drop of the solution
 Materials and Methods: A.3

A - Mg(OH)2(aq) Add 2 drops of

B - H2SO3(aq) phenolphthalein to
the solution

A B

Mg(OH)2 H2SO3
Thank
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01. 02.
Overview Features of the Topic
Describe the topic of the section Describe the topic of the section

03. 04.
Assignment About the Topic
Describe the topic of the section Describe the topic of the section
 Introduction
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter
than Mercury—and its atmosphere is extremely
poisonous. It’s the second-brightest natural object
in the night sky after the Moon
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired.”

—Someone Famous
01.
Overview
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 What Is This Topic About?

Mercury
Here you could give a brief description of the
topic you want to talk about. For example, if
you want to talk about Mercury, you could
say that it’s the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the Solar System
 Definition of Concepts
Mercury Neptune
Mercury is the closest planet Neptune is the fourth-largest
to the Sun and the smallest planet by diameter in the Solar
one in the Solar System System

Venus Mars
Venus has a beautiful name, Despite being red, Mars is
but also an extremely actually a cold place full of
poisonous atmosphere iron oxide dust
 Features of the Topic

Mercury Jupiter Venus

It’s the closest planet to It’s a gas giant and the Venus has a beautiful
the Sun and the smallest biggest planet in the name and is the second
in the Solar System Solar System planet from the Sun
225 days
is the time Venus takes to orbit the Sun

49,244 km
is the diameter of Neptune
 This Is a Table

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3

Mercury Yes No No

Jupiter No Yes No

Venus No Yes Yes

 This Is a Graph

Mercury

Jupiter

Saturn

Venus

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here
300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 Practical Uses of This Subject

30% 50% 90%

Neptune Mars Venus

Neptune is the Despite being Venus has a
farthest planet red, Mars is beautiful name,
from the Sun actually cold but is very hot
 Multimedia Content

Mercury
It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a
bit larger than the Moon. The planet’s name
has nothing to do with the liquid metal
 Did You Know This?
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one

Venus
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun

Mars
The average temperature on Mars is
around -60 degrees Celsius
 This Is a Map

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the Venus has a
closest planet to beautiful name,
the Sun but is terribly hot

Neptune Mars
Neptune is the Despite being
farthest planet red, Mars is
from the Sun actually cold
Awesome
words
Because key words are great for
catching your audience’s attention
 Process

01 02 03 04
Mercury Neptune Venus Mars
Mercury is the Neptune is the Venus has a Despite being
closest planet to farthest planet beautiful name, red, Mars is
the Sun from the Sun but is terribly hot actually cold
A Picture Is
Worth a
Thousand
Words
 Problem Vs Solution

Problem Solution
Saturn is the ringed planet. Mercury is the closest planet
It’s composed mostly of to the Sun and the smallest
hydrogen and helium one in the Solar System
 Overview Diagram

Neptune

Venus Earth

Pluto Mars
Pluto is now listed as a Despite being red,
dwarf planet Jupiter Mars is actually cold
 Review the Concepts

Venus Mercury Saturn

Venus has a beautiful Mercury is the closest Saturn is composed
name and is the second planet to the Sun and the mostly of hydrogen and
planet from the Sun smallest one also helium

Mars Jupiter Neptune

Despite being red, Mars is Jupiter is a gas giant and Neptune is the farthest
a cold place full of iron the biggest planet in the planet from the Sun and
oxide dust Solar System the fourth-largest one
 Exercise

? ? Mercury
It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the
? ? smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a
bit larger than the Moon. The planet’s name
has nothing to do with the liquid metal

Question?
 Assignment

01. Neptune 02. Mars 03. Venus

Is Neptune the fourth- Mars is red, but is it Venus has a beautiful
largest planet in the Solar actually a hot place or a name, but what about its
System? cold place instead? temperatures?

Question? Question? Question?

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