LESSON 6 :

ELEMENTS AND
PRINCIPLES OF ART
ELEMENTS OF ART:
AUDITORY
 1. RHYTHM

- often associayed to the terms

beat. Meter and tempo.
- is the element of music that
situates it in time. It is the pulse of
music.
 BEAT - basic unit of music

METER - organized recurrent

pattern
TEMPO - refers to its speed
 VARIATIONS IN TEMPO
• LARGO – slowly and broadly
• ANDANTE – walking pace
•MODERATO – at moderate speed
•ALLEGRO – fast
•VIVACE – lively
•ACCELERANDO – gradually speeding up
•RALLENTADO – gradually slowing down
•ALLARGANDO – getting slower, broadening
•RUBATO – literally “robbed time,” rhythm is played
freely for expressive effect.
 2. DYNAMICS

- It refers to the loudness or

quietness of music
 LEVELS OF DYNAMICS
•PIANISSIMO [pp] – very quiet
•PIANO [p] – quiet
•MEZZO-PIANO [mp] – moderately quiet
•MEZO-FORTE [mf] – moderately loud
•FORTE [f] –loud
•FORTISSIMO [ff] – very loud
•CRESCENDO – increase in loudness for the former
•DECRESCENDO OR DIMINUENDO – decrease in
loudness for latter
 3. MELODY
-It refers to the linear presentation
(horizontal) of pitch.
HORIZONTAL – it means that in
musical notation, it is read in sucession
from left to right.
PITCH - the highness or lowness of
music sound
 4. HARMONY
- virtical
-It arises when pitches are combined with
chords.
CHORDS – happen when several notes
are simultaneously played
-described in terms of its “harshness”
DISSONANCE - harsh-sounding
combination

CONSONANCE - smooth-sounding
combination
 5. TIMBRE

- is often likened to the color of music.

-a quality that distinguishes a voice or an
instrument.
 6. TEXTURE
- refers to the number of melodies, the type
of layers and their relatedness.
MONOPHONIC – single melodic line
POLYPHONIC – two or more melodic lines
HOMOPHONIC – main melody
accompanied by chords
PRINCIPLES OF
ART
 1. BALANCE

- it refers to the distribution of the visual

elements in view of their placement in
relation t each other.
 THREE FORMS OF BALANCE
- the elements used on one side are
SYMMETRICA reflected to the other.
L
ASYMMETRICAL - the elements are not the same (or
of the same weight) on each side,
putting the heaviness on one side.

RADIAL - There is a center point in the

composition, around which
elements and objects are distributed.
 2. SCALE AND PROPORTION

SCALE – pertains to the size in relation to

what is normal fr the figure or object in
question.
PROPORTION – is the size of the
components, or of objects in relation to one
another
 Proportion can be:
A. NATURAL – relates to the realistic size of
the visual elements in the artwork,
especially for figurative artworks
B. EXAGGERATED – refers to the unusual
size relations of visual elements,
deliberately exaggerating the immesity or
minuteness of an object.
 3-4. EMPHASIS AND CONTRAST
EMPHASIS – allows the attention of the
viewer to a focal point(s), accentuating or
drawing attention to these elements or objects.
CONTRAST – is the disparty between the
elements that figure into the composition.
 5-6. UNITY AND VARIETY
UNITY – compositions are intented to imbue
a sense of accord or completeness from the
artwork.
VARIETY – is the principle that aims to retain
the interest by allowing patches or areas that
both excite and allow the eye to rest.
VARIETY
VARIETY
 7. HARMONY

- unity and variety is related to the

principles of harmony, in which the
elements or objects achieve a sense of flow
and interconnectedness.
 8. MOVEMENT
- This refers to the direction of the viewing
eye as it goes through the artwork, often
guided by areas or elements that are
emphasized. These focal points can be
lines, edges, shape and color within the
work of art, among others.
 9. RHYTHM

- this is created when the elements is

repeated, creating implied movement.
Variety of repetition helps invigorate
rhythm as depicted in the artwork.
10-11. REPETITION AND PATTERN

REPETITION – lines, shapes, colors, and

other elements may appear in an artwork in
recurring manner.
PATTERN – the image created out of
repetition.
THANK YOU 