PARTS OF A TECHNICAL

REPORT

VIRGINIANO G. GARO
Senior Citizen
TOPIC OBJECTIVE:

1. Enumerate different parts of a technical

report;

2. Discuss what is contained in each part of

the technical report;

3. Explain useful tips necessary in report

writing.
PARTS OF A TECHNICAL REPORT:

1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Materials and Methods
PARTS OF A TECHNICAL REPORT:

5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion / Recommendation
8. References
 1. TITLE

 Contains few words

 Describes content of the paper accurately
 Avoid abbreviations, formulas, figures
 Omit verbs
 Use only key words
 Clearly identifies independent and dependent
variable
TITLE : Example

Effect of Leaf Cutting at 40 DAT on Yield

Independent variable Dependent variable

Avoid starting titles with:

Some notes...
Observations ...
A consideration of ...
 2. ABSTRACT

 Summary of the whole report ( 5 % of

the paper)
 Should be no more than 200 words
 Uses normal language
 Can stand on its own
ABSTRACT: Questions to Answer

 What did you do? (title / objectives)

 Why did you do it? (significance / rationale
 What happened? (Results)
 What do the results mean? (Discussion)
 What is your work good for? (Conclusion /
Recommendation)
 3. INTRODUCTION

 Indicates what is of interest in the

paper
 Why the author came out with the
research background information
 Leads to hypothesis / principal theme /
assumptions
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

 All important information that will allow

another researcher to actually repeat the
investigation and test the results
 Must follow clear, logical steps or
procedures
 Must lend credibility
 5. RESULTS

 This is the core of paper

 Select only representative data
 Organize means / percentages / tables /
graphs / photos
 Present only data related to the objectives
of the study
 6. DISCUSSION

 Explain what the results mean and their

implications for future study (logic /
support with evidence)
 Relate results to questions raised in the
introduction
 Show how results agree or differ with past
research / studies
 7. CONCLUSION /
RECOMMENDATION

 Conclusion must answer the question, so

what?
 What is your work good for?
TIPS IN REPORT WRITING

a. Use familiar words

b. Use simple words, direct word instead

of complex words and expressions

c. Omit verbal deadwood

d. Use the clearest and liveliest verb

TIPS IN REPORT WRITING

e. Simplify sentences, paragraphs

f. Write in the active voice

g. Use active sentences

h. Write in positive statements

 a. Use familiar words

Complex Common Complex Common

indisposed ill monumental big

terminate end purchase buy

utilize use majority most

proceed go contribute give

request ask endeavor try

prevaricate lie inaugurate start

facilitate help inundate flood

 b. Use simple words

Complex Simple

close proximity to near

despite the fact that although

during the course of during

exerts a lethal effect kills

in the event that if

in view of the fact that because

with small amount of effort easily

c. Omit verbal deadwood

for the reason that because

at the present time Now

tendered his resignation resigned

told his listeners said

used for fuel purposes fueled

in the immediate vicinity near

was able to make his escape escaped

united in holy matrimony married

d. Use clearest and liveliest verb

 Good verbs give your writing its power, passion and

delicacy.

 Express action through verbs, just as you do when

you speak.

 Always keep the subject and verb close together in

writing long sentences. Do not separate them

clause, T – unit, clause

 d. Use clearest and liveliest verb
Which is weak sentence, better one?

Mark, upon learning that his Learning that his boss would
boss would fire him, submitted fire him, Mark filed his
his resignation, to avoid resignation, and successfully
further embarrassment. avoided the embarrassment.

An examination of the Mr. Juan examined the plant

maintenance records of the maintenance records.
plant was carried out by Mr.
Juan.

Vote for not more than one Vote for one candidate only.
candidate.
 e. Simplify sentences, paragraphs

 In describing, be specific, concrete, definite

 Examples:
The radio didn’t work. Every couple of minutes the radio would squeal
loudly. With that and the static, we couldn’t
understand the news at all.

Mussels are good for you. Mussel meat is largely protein. It is about as
valuable a food as beef or chicken.

The crop was poor because Twenty percent of the crop was destroyed by
of unfavourable weather typhoons and floods.
conditions.

The sun is very hot. The sun is hot, about 2,200 degrees at its
surface
f. Write in the active voice

 Eliminate the form of verb to be.

 Somebody does something.
 Active voice carries action, is more forceful
 Active sentence is clearer, responsibility more
clearly defined – we know who is doing what
 f. Write in the active voice
Which is passive, active voice?

Tests were conducted to determine We ran tests to find the rate of

the rate of diffusion. diffusion.

The possible causes of the disease The institute’s specialists are

are now being looked into by the studying possible causes of the
institute’s specialists. disease.

In this second paper, the second This paper considers the second
approach is considered. approach.

The screening procedure is Figure 5 shows the screening

illustrated is in Figure 5. procedure.

Table 3 shows that the incidence of The incidence of disease decreased

disease was decreased 10 %. by 10 % (Table 3).
 g. Use active sentences
 Watch words that end in –ize or –tion.
Nominalization is converting verbs into nouns,
thereby removing the force and power of the verbs.
Nominal Active Sentences

This paper is an investigation into This paper investigates the ways

departmental organization. departments are organized.

The accident hospitalized four The accident sent four people to the
persons. hospital.

He has trouble verbalizing his He has trouble putting his thoughts

thoughts. into words.

Our goal is the maximization of yields. We want to obtain maximum yields.

 h. Write in positive statements
Which is negative, positive statements?

The rate of submission of articles is Articles are being submitted at about

not changing very much. the same rate.

He was not very often on time. He usually came late.

He did not think that studying He thought the study of Latin was a
computers was sensible way to use waste of time.
one’s time.

Discard seeds that are improperly Select good seeds. These should be
filled, chaffy, split or broken, whole, plump, and heavy, with a
shrivelled, or show signs of fungal smooth and clean seed coat.
infection.
CLEAR EFFECTIVE WRITING

1. Writing for easy reading

2. Think first then write

3. Use familiar words

4. Get to the point

5. Keep your sentences short

Clear effective writing

6. Shorten your paragraphs

7. Omit verbal deadwood

8. Use specific, concrete language

9. Prefer the simple to the complex

10. Be positive
Clear effective writing

11. Use the active voice

12. Write as you talk

13. Use adjectives sparingly

14. Revise and sharpen

15. Write to express not to impress

 SL-TOT Written reports

1. PTD Terminal Report, by each group

2. FFS Terminal Report, by group

3. Insect Zoo, individual, by group

4. Weed-Seed Bank, per group

5. Seed Germination Rate, per group

 SL-TOT Requirements

1. FFS on Corn ICM Training Proposal (Re-entry

proposal); individual

2. Herbarium; by group

3. Insect Collection; by group

4. Morphology; weekly, by group

5. Ballot Box Exercise: Pre, Post

6. Written Exams: Pre, Mid-Term, Post Tests;

Quizzes, Moving Exams
 WHY TRAIN AEWS

“YOU CAN’T GIVE WHAT

YOU DON’T HAVE”
(Nomo dat guod non habet)
 WHY TRAIN AEWS

“HE WHO DARES TO

TEACH SHOULD NEVER
CEASE TO LEARN”
 WHY TRAIN AEWS

“As the soil, however rich it

maybe, can’t be productive
without culture, so the mind
without cultivation can
never produce good fruit.”
 End of Presentation

“STUDY HARD AND NEVER FEEL

CONTENTED, AND NEVER BE TIRED
OF TEACHING OTHERS”

Anon…