GOOD DAY !

( Dr. Marichu D. Garciano )

Lecturer
A History of Global
Politics: Creating
an International
Order
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of the class, the students are able to-
1. Identify the key events in the development of
international relations;
2. Differentiate internationalization from globalization;
3. Define the state and the nation;
4. Distinguish between the competing conceptions of
internationalism; and
5. Discuss the historical evolution of international
politics.
INTRODUCTION

• International relations- the scholars study

political, military, and other diplomatic
engagements between two or more countries.
• Internationalization- when the scholars
explore the deepening of interactions
between states.
* Internationalization does not equal
globalization, although it is a major part of
globalization.
• It is important to study international
relations as a facet of globalization,
because states/governments are key
drivers of global processes.
* Internationalization can be viewed as
one window to view the globalization of
politics.
 THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S
GLOBAL SYSTEM
• World politics today has four key
attributes.
1.There are countries or states that are
independent and govern themselves.
2. These countries interact with each other
through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations, like
the U.N. , that facilitate these interactions.
4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between
states, international organizations also take on
lives of their own.

* Nation-state- a relatively modern phenomenon in

human history, and people did not always organize
themselves as countries. People in various regions
of the world have identified exclusively with units
as small as their village or their tribe, and at
other times, they see themselves as
members of larger political categories like “
Christendom” ( the entire Christian world).
* Not all states are nations and not all
nations are states. The nation of Scotland,
for example, has its own flag and national
culture, but still belongs to a state called the
United Kingdom.
• The Bangsamoro is a separate nation
existing within the Philippines but, through
their elites, recognizes the authority of the
Philippine state.
* There are also single nations with multiple
states like the nation of Korea ( North and
South); the Chinese nation ( People’s
Republic of China (mainland) and Taiwan.
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
NATION AND STATE?
A state has four attributes-
1.It exercises authority over a specific
population, called its citizens.
2. It governs a specific territory.
3. A state has a structure of government that
crafts various rules that people or society
follow.
4. The state has sovereignty over its territory.
SOVEREIGNTY ( internal and external)

• Internally, no individuals or groups can

operate in a given national territory by
ignoring the state.
• Externally, sovereignty means that a state’s
policies and procedures are independent of
the interventions of other states.
* Nation ( Benedict Anderson )- an imagined
community: it is limited as it does not go
beyond a given “ official boundary. ”
• Calling the nation as “imagined” community
means that it allows one to feel a connection
with a community of people even if he/she
will never meet all of them in his/her lifetime.
* Nation-builders can only feel a sense of
fulfillment when that national ideal assumes
an organizational form whose authority and
power are recognized and accepted by “the
people.”
• Nation and state are closely related because it
is nationalism that facilitates state formation.
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
* The origins of the present-day concept of
sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty
of Westphalia, which was a set of
agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty
Years’ War between the major continental
powers of Europe.
* After a brutal religious war between
Catholics and Protestants, the Holy Roman
Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the
Dutch Republic designed a system that
would avert wars in the future by recognizing
that the treaty signers exercise complete
control over their domestic affairs and swear
not to meddle in each other’s affairs.
• Napoleon Bonaparte believed in spreading
the principles of the French Revolution-
LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND FRATERNITY-
to the rest of Europe and thus challenged
the power of kings, nobility, and religion in
Europe.
* The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803-
1815 with Napoleon and his armies
marching all over much of Europe.
• The French implemented the Napoleonic
Code that forbade birth privileges,
encouraged freedom or religion, and
promoted meritocracy in government
service.
* Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated
Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815,
ending the latter’s mission to spread his
liberal code across Europe.
• The Concert Of Europe. This was an
alliance of “great powers”- the U.K.,
Austria, Russia, and Prussia- that sought to
restore the world of monarchical,
hereditary, and religious privileges of the
time before the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars.
• ( an alliance to restore the sovereignty of
states )
• Under the METTERNICH system ( Austrian
diplomat, Klemens von Metternich), the
Concert’s power and authority lasted from
1815-1914, and at the dawn of World War I.
* Despite the challenge of Napoleon to the
Westphalian system and the eventual
collapse of the Concert of Europe after
WWI, present-day international system still
has traces of this history.
 INTERNATIONALISM
* The Westphalian and Concert systems
divided the world into separate, sovereign
entities.
* INTERNATIONALISM-a system of
heightened interaction between various
sovereign states, particularly the desire for
greater cooperation and unity among states
and peoples.
FORMS OF INTERNATIONALISM

• ( liberal internationalism and socialist

internationalism )
* The first major thinker of liberal internationalism
was the late 18th century German philosopher
Immanuel Kant. ( He likened the states in a
global system to people living in a given
territory. If people living together require a
government to prevent lawlessness, shouldn’t
that same principle be applied to states ?
Without a
Form of world government, the international
system would be chaotic. Hence, states,
like citizens of countries, must give up some
freedoms and establish a continuously
growing state consisting of various nations
which will ultimately include the nations of
the world. ( Kant- imagined a form of global
government ).
• British philosopher, Jeremy Bentham (1780)
coined the word “international” and
advocated the creation of “international law”
that would govern the inter-state relations. (
“ greatest happiness of all nations taken
together ).
* The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with
liberal internationalism was the 19th century
Italian patriot GIUSEPPE MAZZINI.
• Mazzini believed in a Republican
government ( without kings, queens, and
hereditary succession) and proposed a
system of free nations that cooperated with
each other to create an international
system.
* For him, free, independent states would be
the basis of an equally free, cooperative
international system.
• Mazzini influenced the thinking of U.S.
President (1913-1921) Woodrow Wilson,
who became one of the 20th century’s most
prominent internationalist.
* Wilson saw nationalism as a prerequisite for
internationalism. ( principle of self-
determination: the belief that the world’s
nations had a right to a free, and sovereign
government. ( League of Nations )
• He hoped that these free nations would become
democracies, because only being such would
they be able to build a free system of
international relations based on international
law and cooperation. ( awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1919)
* Axis Powers- Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s
Italy,a nd Hirohitos’s Japan- ultra-nationalists
that had an instinctive disdain for
internationalism and preferred to violently
Impose their dominance over other nations.
( Allied Powers- U.S., U.K., France, Holland,
Belgium )
•League--- WHO---- ILO ( blueprint for future forms
of international cooperation ).
* The League was the concretization of the
concepts of liberal internationalism. From Kant, it
emphasized the need to form common
international principles. From Mazzini, it enshrined
the principles of
Cooperation and respect among nation-
states. From Wilson, it called for democracy
and self-determination.
* German socialist philosopher ( Karl Marx)-
one of Mazzini’s biggest critics- an
internationalist. He believed that any true
form of internationalism should deliberately
reject nationalism, which rooted people in
domestic concerns instead of global ones.
• Marx- divided the world into classes ( bourgeoisie
and proletariat )
*Marx and his co-author, Friedrich Engels, believed
that in a socialist revolution seeking to overthrow
the state and alter the economy, the proletariat
“had no nation”.
* Marx died in 1883- The Socialist International (SI):
a union of European socialist and labor parties
established in Paris in 1889. ( achievements: the
declara-
 -tion of May 1 as labor day and the creation of
an International Women’s Day; the successful
campaign for an eight-hour workday ).
* To encourage the socialist revolutions across
the world, Vladimir Lenin established the
Communist International ( Comintern) in
1919--- served as the central body for directing
Communist parties all over the world.
• The SI collapsed- WWI- sister parties-fighting
each other- a confirmation of Marx’s warning:
when workers and their organizations take the
side of their countries instead of each other,
their long-term interests are compromised.
* Russian revolution-1917- Czar Nicholas II-
replaced by a revolutionary government led by
the Bolshevik Party and its leader, Vladimir
Lenin. ( USSR)- the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republic---- Communist parties).
* For the postwar period, liberal
internationalism once again become
ascendant--- evidence- the rise of the United
Nations as the center of global governance.
LEARNING ACTIVITY

*** DO YOU THINK

INTERNATIONALIZATION
ERODES THE SOVEREIGNTY
OF STATES? Justify your
ideas. 10 points
REFERENCES:

• The Contemporary World. Lisandro E.

Claudio & Patricio N. Abinales. C&E
Publishing, Inc., 2018
* The Contemporary World. Guiraldo
Fernandez, Marichu D. Garciano, Joselito
R. Garciano, 2018.
Thank you……