GROUP 2

STEM 11 - BURBANK
I What is a Volcano?

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a

planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that
allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to
escape from a magma chamber below the
surface.
How does a volcano form?

Volcanoes are formed when magma from

within the Earth's upper mantle works its
way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts
to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over
time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will
get bigger and bigger.
Types of Volcano according to Activity
1. Shield Volcanoes – are formed from
magma that is very fluid and not very
viscous. These volcanoes typically form
very wide, broad domes of lava.
Types of Volcano according to Activity

2. Stratovolcanoes/Composite –
are composed of thicker, much
more viscous magma and they
form much higher, more steeply
sloped volcanic mountain.
Types of Volcano according to Activity
3. CinderCone – are much smaller
volcanoes that form from small
pyroclastic eruptions around a vent.
Mantle Plumes and Hotspots

-Caused by
rising plumes of
mantle.

-Volcanoes can
form over
them.
Subduction Zone
Subduction zone volcanism occurs where two plates are
converging on one another. One plate containing oceanic
lithosphere descends beneath the adjacent plate, thus
consuming the oceanic lithosphere into the earth's mantle.
This on-going process is called subduction.

-Continental-Oceanic Collision-
-Oceanic Oceanic Collision-
II What is a Volcano Hazard Map

Volcanic hazard maps are visual, geospatial

depictions of the areas that could be
impacted by various volcanic phenomena
during or subsequent to an eruption.

Types of Volcano Hazard Map

• Airfall, Tephra and Ballistic Hazard Map.
• Danger Zone Map.
• Lahar and Flood Hazard Map.
• Lava Flow Hazard Map.
• Pyroclastic Flow and Lateral Blast Hazard Map.
Significance of Volcano Hazard Map
•Indicate the extent of expected risk areas,
and can be combined with disaster
management information such as evacuation
sites, evacuation routes, and so forth.

•Provide important information to help people

understand the risks of natural hazards and to
help mitigate disasters.
III What makes a Volcano Hazardous?

Molten Lava
Molten Lava flowing directly from a volcanic vent or
fissure. Many lava flows are slow and rugged, looking like
a moving pile of rocks. High temperatures of lava flows
may cause fires, and anything in the path of the lava flow
will become encased in a thick layer of rock.
Effects:

• Everything in the path of an advancing

lava flow will be knocked over,
surrounded, buried, or ignited by the
extremely hot temperature of lava.

• Deaths caused directly by lava flows are

uncommon because most move slowly
enough that people can move out the
way easily.
Pyroclastic Flows
Pyroclastic flows are a mixture of ash, volcanic gas, rocks,
and lava that generally reaches temperatures of (200-
700°C). These flows are mainly associated with volcanoes
that have explosive eruptions, and they move down the
volcanic slope at speeds greater than 50 miles per hour
(80 kilometers per hour).
Pyroclastic flows form in different ways:

1. Collapse of eruption column: during a highly

exposive eruption, the column ejected upwards
into the atmosphere and can become too cool
and dense to maintain upward momentum.
Pyroclastic flows form in different ways:

2. “Boiling over” from eruptive vent:

during an explosive eruption, material is
errupted without forming a high plume
and rapidly moves down slope.
Pyroclastic flows form in different ways:

3. Collapse of lava domes or flows: the front rows

of lava flows or domes can become so sleep that
they collapse due to gravitational force.
Debris Flows
Debris flows on volcanoes are a mixture of rock, ash, soil,
vegetation, and water that flow down the slope of a volcano,
sometimes funneling into river valleys. 

Lahars are a type of fast-moving volcanic debris flow consisting

mostly of water, ash, and rock fragments with the speed of a
fast-moving river but the consistency of cement
Destructive Characteristics of Lahar
1. Moves rapidly.
  In steep areas, lahars can exceed speeds of 200
km/hr (120 mi/hr.

2. Can occur without volcanic eruption.

Lahars can also be formed when high-volume or
long-duration rainfall occurs during or after an eruption.

3. Pick up the materials they travel.

The flowing slurry may consume additional water
through melting of snow and ice or by engulfing river or
lake water.

4. Cause serious economic and environmental damage.

Large lahars can crush, abrade, bury, or carry away
almost anything in their paths. Buildings and valuable land
may be partially or completely buried.
Ballistic Projectile
Ballistic projectiles are volcanic materials which are
directly ejected from the volcanoes vent with force and
trajectory. These objects endanger life and property due
to the force of impact of falling fragments.
Ballistics are associated with all forms of explosive
eruptions but are considered major hazards of
hydrothermal, phreatic, phreatomagmatic, Strombolian
and Vulcanian eruptions.

Devastating Effects:

1.Substantial damage to exposed infrastructure and the

environment due to their high kinetic energy, mass,
and often high temperatures.

2.The high kinetic and thermal energy of ballistics can

puncture, dent, melt, burn and knock down structures
and their associated systems, such as power supply and
telecommunication masts and crater roads.

3.Fatal incidents.
Volcanic Landslide
Landslides are masses of rock and soil that slide rapidly
due to gravity. Landslides can also be triggered by
volcanic activities such as magma intrusions and volcanic
gas explosions.
Tephra and Ash
Tephra and ash are composed of varying sizes of rock
particles ejected into the air from volcanic eruptions.
Tephra refers to larger rock fragments that typically land
close to the volcano.
Ash is made up of small particles.
Ash clouds can travel hundreds of miles from an eruption
site and cover the land and sea surface in a blanket of ash.
Inhalation of volcanic ash can be very
detrimental to human health due to
the harmful aerosols and poisonous
gases the ash is made up of. One long-
term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis.
Volcanic ash can also contaminate the
water supply.
Volcanic Gases
Volcanic gases start out dissolved in magma and are
released as the magma rises towards the Earth’s surface.
These gases include sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and many others.
Harmful effects of Volcanic Gasses

Carbon Dioxide(CO2 ), trapped in low-dying

areas can be lethal to people and animals.

Sulfur Dioxide(SO₂ ), is irritating to eyes, skin

and respiratory system.

Hydrogen Sulfide(H₂S), very toxic in high

concentrations.

Hydrogen Halides(HF, HCl, HBr), strong toxic

acids.
Interpreting
Volcano Hazard
Map
Interpreting Maps
Each map type represents a different type of input
information:
a . Geology-Based Maps, the most common type of
volcanic hazard map, are based on hazard footprints of
past events.

b. Integrated Qualitative Maps are based on

amalgamation of many different types of hazard
information.

c. Modelling-Based Maps are based on simulation of

certain hazard scenarios.

d. Probabilistic Maps are based on probabilistic

assessment of hazards.

e . Administrative Maps are based on both hazard

information but also on emergency management and
administrative information.
MAPS
Maps

Volcanoes
-Are located whenever there’s an earthquake.
-Near the water

Earthquakes
- Are located at land and water
- When volcanoes explode there’s always an earthquake.
- Most Earthquakes are located at the edges of continent.
How do you define an active volcano?
-Any volcano that is erupting is considered
active.

ACTIVE VOLCANOES AROUND THE PHILIPPINES:

Mayon in Albay
Taal Volcano
Mount Kanlaon – Negros Oriental
Mount Bulusan – Sorsogon
Mount Makaturing – Lanao del Sur
Musuan Volcano – Bukidnon
Mount Ragang – Lanao del Sur
Didicas Volcano – Cagayan
Hibok-Hibok – Camiguin
Smith Volcano – Cagayan
Babuyan Claro – Cagayan
Mount Banahaw – Quezon
Dequey – Batanes
Mount Parker – Cotabato
 MT FUJI
MAUNA LOA

MT PINATUBO
MT PINATUBO
MT ST. HELEN
MAYON VOLCANO HAZARD MAP
PRECAUTIONS
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
Increase in the Frequency of
Volcanic Quakes
Rumbling sounds
Occurrence of volcanic tremors.
 
Increased Steaming Activity
Change in color of steam emission.
White to gray due to entrained ash.
Crater Glow
Presence of magma at or near the
crater.
Ground Swells (Inflation)
round tilt and ground fissuring due
to magma intrusion.
Localized Landslides, Rockfalls and 
Landslides 
Noticeable Increase in the Extent
of Drying up of Vegetation around
the Volcano’s Upper Slopes
Increase in the Temperature of Hot
Springs, Wells Crater Lake near the
Volcano
Noticeable Variation in the
Chemical Content of Springs,
Crater Lakes Within the
Vicinity of the Volcano
Drying up of Springs/Wells around
the Volcano
Development of New Thermal
Areas
Appearance of solfatara (dormant
volcano, which still emits jets of
steam with sulfurous fumes).
If you are under a Volcano Warning:
1. Listen for emergency information and alerts.
2. Follow evacuation or shelter orders. If
advised to evacuate, then do so early.
3. Avoid areas downstream of the eruption.
4. Protect yourself from falling ash.
5. Do not drive in heavy ash fall.
How to stay safe when a Volcano Threathens:
prepare NOW:
•Know your area’s risk from volcanic eruption.

•Ask local emergency management for evacuation and shelter

plans, and for potential means of protection from ash.

•Get necessary supplies in advanced in case you have to evacuate

immediately, or if services are cut off. Keep in mind each person’s
specific needs, including medication. Do not forget the needs of
pets.

•Practice a communication and evacuation plan with everyone in

your family.

•Have a shelter-in-place plan if your biggest risk is from ash.

•Keep important documents in a safe place. Create password-

protected digital copies.
How to stay safe when a Volcano Threathens:
survive DURING:

•Listen to alerts. The Volcano Notification Service provides up-to-

date information about eruptions.

•Follow evacuation orders from local authorities. Evacuate early.

•Take temporary shelter from volcanic ash where you are if you
have enough supplies. Cover ventilation openings and seal doors
and windows.

•If outside, protect yourself from falling ash that can irritate skin
and injure breathing passages, eyes, and open wounds. Use a
well-fitting, certified face mask such as an N95.

•Avoid driving in heavy ash fall.

How to stay safe when a Volcano Threathens:
be safe AFTER:
•Listen to authorities to find out when it is safe to return after an
eruption.

•Send text messages or use social media to reach out to family

and friends. Phone systems are often busy after a disaster. Only
make emergency calls.

•Avoid driving in heavy ash. Driving will stir up volcanic ash that
can clog engines and stall vehicles.

•If you have any breathing problems, avoid contact with ash. Stay
indoors until authorities say it is safe to go outside.

•Do not get on your roof to remove ash unless you have guidance
or training. If you have to remove ash, then be very careful as ash
makes surfaces slippery. Be careful not to contribute additional
weight to an overloaded roof.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
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 Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales).

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prezi.com/gbfyuuh14tv2/volcanic-hazards-ballistic-projectile/. Accessed 13 Jan. 2020.