Public Switched Telephone Network (S-PSTN)

Public Switched
Telephone
Network
(S-PSTN)
July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  1

S-PSTN
© Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium
All rights reserved. This module, comprising presentation slides with notes,
exercises, projects and Instructor Guide, may not be duplicated in any way
without the express written permission of the Global Wireless Education
Consortium. The information contained herein is for the personal use of the
reader and may not be incorporated in any commercial training materials or
for-profit education programs, books, databases, or any kind of software
without the written permission of the Global Wireless Education Consortium.
Making copies of this module, or any portion, for any purpose other than your
own, is a violation of United States copyright laws.
Trademarked names appear throughout this module. All trademarked names

have been used with the permission of their owners.

S-PSTN
 Partial support for this curriculum material

was provided by the National Science Foundation's
Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement
Program under grant DUE-9972380 and Advanced
Technological Education Program under grant
DUE‑9950039.
 GWEC EDUCATION PARTNERS: This material is

subject to the legal License Agreement signed by your
institution. Please refer to this License Agreement for
restrictions of use.

Table of Contents
Overview 5
Learning Objectives 6
Network Overview 7
Switching Systems 13
Post-Divestiture Network 19
Signaling 28
Contributors 38

Overview
 Network setup
 Switching systems
 Post-Divestiture network
 Signaling
 SS7
 CCS

Learning Objectives
After completing this module you will be able to:

 Discuss the basic operations of the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN)
 Define the telephony switching hierarchy
 Describe the signaling required to complete a typical
telephone call through the PSTN
 Describe how the SS7 network is overlayed onto the
PSTN

Network Overview

What Is A Network ?
Switching Switching
Office Office
CPE CPE
Transmission Facilities

Public Switched
Telephone Network
(PSTN)
Major Components of the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN):
 Switching Offices
 Transmission facilities
 Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)

Switching Offices
SWITCHING
OFFICE
CONTROL
NETWORK

Transmission Facilities
Switching Trunks Switching

Line Office Office Line
Special
Service
Circuit

Customer Premise
Equipment (CPE)
Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) is the

term used to identify any piece of equipment
supplied by the customer to interface with
the PSTN. Examples include:
 Single Line Telephone Set
 Modems or Data Sets
 Private Branch Exchange (PBX)

Switching Systems

Traffic Networks
 The Public Switched Telephone Network:
 Pre-divestiture
 Post-divestiture

Local Network Structure
Exchange Exchange
Area 5 Exchange Area 2
Area 1
Wire
Center •
B
Wire
Center
A •
Exchange Exchange
Area 4 Area 3

Typical Local Network
Tandem Office T Wire

Center
C
Tandem Trunk
Groups (Final)
Wire Wire
Center Direct Trunk Groups Center
A B
(High
Usage)

Toll Network Structure
Pre-Divestiture
FINAL
Regional Center D Regional Center E
Class 1
FINAL
FINAL
HU6
Regional Center C Sectional Center F
Class 2 HU5
FINAL
FINAL
HU4 Primary
Regional Center B
HU3 HU2 Center HU7
Class 3
G
FINAL
FINAL
HU1
Toll Center A
To Toll Center H
Class 4 ll
C
g
on
in
ct
ne
ne
ct Toll Connecting
on
in
Local Office g
C
ll
To
(End Office) Local Local Office

Class 5 Tandem
Office
Telephone 1 Telephone 2
Toll Network Structure
Pre-Divestiture
FINAL
Regional Center D Regional Center E
Class 1
FINAL
FINAL
HU6
Regional Center C Sectional Center F
Class 2 HU5
FINAL
FINAL
HU4 Primary
Regional Center B
HU3 HU2 Center HU7
Class 3
G
FINAL
FINAL
HU1
Toll Center A
To Toll Center H
Class 4 ll
C
g
in
on
ct
ne
ne
ct Toll Connecting
on
in
Local Office
C
g
ll
To
(End Office) Local Local Office

Class 5 Tandem
Office
Telephone 1 Telephone 2
The Post-
Divestiture
Network

The Post-1984 Network
IEC1
IEC2
IEC3
LATA x
InterLATA
Carriers LATA y

Typical LEC Network
Central Office Tandem Office IC POP

Switching
Systems
Distribution
Facility/Local Loop
Interoffice
Facilities/Trunks
Distribution
Facility/Local Loop
Central Office
LEC IC
LATA Access Services
 Switched Access
 Special Access (Nonswitched)

Switched Access
Service
 Feature Group A
 Feature Group B
 Feature Group C
 Feature Group D
 Equal Access End Office

North American
Numbering Plan
Numbering Plan Area Central Office Station
N X X N X X X X X X
2-9 0-9 0-9 2-9 0-9 0-9 0-9 0-9 0-9 0-9

Number Plan Area (NPA)
These special purposes codes include:
NXX Reserved Codes: N11 Reserved Codes:
600 Used in Canada for TWX (teletype service) 311 Non-Emergency Police and Fire
700 Assigned to ICs 411 Local Directory Assistance
800, 888, 877, and 866 Service (INWATS) 611 Repair Service*
900 Service (DIAL-IT Service) 811 Business Office*
911 Emergency Number

Number Plan Area (NPA)
Interchangeable area (or NPA) codes are NPA codes of the format NXX.
By changing from the former N-0/1-X format to the NXX format, the maximum number of assignable NPA
codes increased by 640 codes as shown:
Old Format N 0/1 X 160-8* = 152

8 x 2 x 10 = 160 *Excluding codes of N11 format
New format N X X 800-8* = 792*

8 x 10 x 10 = 800 *Excluding codes of N11 format

International Numbering
If you have made international calls, you know that the familiar NANP is a subset of the ITU international plan.
Until recently, international numbers were limited to 12 digits.
1, 2 or 3 digits Country Codes

Trunk Code
Local Code
Varies by location Subscriber Number

Signaling

Signaling
Signaling is the generation, transmission,

and reception of information needed to
direct and control the setup and
disconnect of a call.

Signaling
Originating Terminating
Originating Switching Switching Terminating
CPE Office Office CPE
Idle
1
Off-hook
2
Dial Tone
3
Dialed Digits
Off-hook
Off-hook (wink)
On-hook (wink)
Dialed Digits
Audible Ring Ringing
Answer Off-hook
Disconnect

Signaling
Idle
1
Off-hook
2
Dial Tone
3
Dialed Digits
4
Off-hook
5
Off-hook (wink)
6
On-hook (wink)
6
Dialed Digits
Audible Ring Ringing
Answer Off-hook
Disconnect

Signaling
Idle
1
Off-hook
2
Dial Tone
3
Dialed Digits
4
Off-hook
5
Off-hook (wink)
6
On-hook (wink)
6
Dialed Digits
7
Audible Ring Ringing 8
Answer Off-hook
Disconnect

Signaling
Idle
1
Off-hook
2
Dial Tone
3
Dialed Digits
4
Off-hook
5
Off-hook (wink)
6
On-hook (wink)
6
Dialed Digits
7
Audible Ring Ringing 8
Answer Off-hook
9
Disconnect
10 10

Common Channel
Signaling (CCS)
Common Channel Signaling (CCS) is a
signaling method that uses a separate
dedicated channel to send and receive
signaling information for a group of trunks or
facilities by means of labeled messages.

Signaling System 7
(SS7) LINKS
F
CO
CO
CO
A A
E
E STP STP
STP STP
C
B
B B
B
D
ST
ST ST
ST
P
P C P
P
A A
SCP SCP
SS7
Switching Switching
Office A Office B
STP
Customer “B”
Customer “A”
IAM IAM
ACM ACM
ANM ANM
REL
REL
RLC RLC

Network Administration,
Maintenance and
Services
 Network Management
 Traffic Measurements
 Billing
 Maintenance
 Customer Services

Industry Contributors
The following organizations provided materials and
resource support for this module:
 AT&T Wireless (http://www.attwireless.com)
 Lucent Technologies (http://www.lucent.com)
 Motorola (http://www.motorola.com)
 RF Globalnet (http://www.rfglobablnet.com)
 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. (http://www.telcordia.com)

Individual Contributors
The following individuals and their organization or
institution provided materials, resources, and development
input for this module:
 Dr. Philip DiPiazza
 Florida Institute of Technology
 http://www.fit.edu/


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Public Switched

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  1

Trademarked names appear throughout this module. All trademarked names

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  2

 Partial support for this curriculum material

 GWEC EDUCATION PARTNERS: This material is

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  3

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  4

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  5

After completing this module you will be able to:

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  6

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  7

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  8

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  9

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  10

Switching Trunks Switching

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  11

Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) is the

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  12

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  13

 The Public Switched Telephone Network:

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  14

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  15

Tandem Office T Wire

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  16

(End Office) Local Local Office

(End Office) Local Local Office

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  19

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  20

Central Office Tandem Office IC POP

 Special Access (Nonswitched)

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  22

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  23

Numbering Plan Area Central Office Station

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  24

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  25

Old Format N 0/1 X 160-8* = 152

New format N X X 800-8* = 792*

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  26

Until recently, international numbers were limited to 12 digits.

1, 2 or 3 digits Country Codes

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  27

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  28

Signaling is the generation, transmission,

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  29

Audible Ring Ringing

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  30

Audible Ring Ringing

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  31

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  32

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  33

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  34

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  36

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  37

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  38

July, 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium S-PSTN  39

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