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Ee 6603 Power System Operation and Control: Dr.R.Muthukumar, ASP/EEE
Ee 6603 Power System Operation and Control: Dr.R.Muthukumar, ASP/EEE
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Effects Of Variable Loading On Power System:
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Effects Of Variable Loading On Power System: [cont..]
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Effects Of Variable Loading On Power System: [cont..]
Increased losses:
Due to variation in loading conditions, various
machines like transformers, electronic devices
and other machines show increased losses due to
magnetization characteristics, saturation and
variation in parameters. This decreases
overall efficiency of the system. the
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Load Characteristics
The load characteristic plays an important role in
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Demand
The demand of a system is the load at
the receiving terminals (usually in kW or
kVA) averaged over a suitable specific
interval of time of short duration.
Demand Interval
It is the period over which the load is
averaged.
3/25/2017 Power System Operation and Control 8
Load Curve
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P&Q
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Load Curve
• Area under active power curve in MWh equals
number of units generated per day
• The highest point on active power curve
represents the maximum (peak) demand on the
station on this specific day
• Average load on station equals area under daily
load curve divided by total hours.
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Load Characteristics
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Load Characteristics
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Average load: The average of loads occurring on
the power station in a given period (day or month or
year) is known as average load or average
demand.
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• Load factor. The ratio of average load to
the maximum demand during a given period
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• The load factor may be daily load factor, monthly
load factor or annual load factor
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• Diversity factor: The ratio of the sum
of
individual maximum demands to the
maximum demand power station is
on
known as diversity factor
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• Reserve capacity = Plant capacity − Max. demand
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• Plant use factor: It is ratio of kWh generated
to the product of plant capacity and the
number of hours for which the plant was in
operation
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Load Duration Curve
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Types of Loads
(i) Domestic load:
Domestic load consists of lights, fans,
refrigerators, heaters, television, small motors
for pumping water etc. Most of the residential
load occurs only for some hours during the day
(i.e., 24 hours) e.g., lighting load occurs during
night time and domestic appliance load occurs
for only a few hours. For this reason, the load
factor is low (10% to 12%).
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Types of Loads [cont..]
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Types of Loads [cont..]
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Types of Loads [cont..]
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(vi) Traction load: This type of load includes tram
cars, trolley buses, railways etc. This class of load
has wide variation. During the morning hour, it
reaches peak value because people have to go to
their work place. After morning hours, the load
starts decreasing and again rises during evening
since the people start coming to their homes.
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Eg1: The maximum demand on a power station is
100 MW. If the annual load factor is 40%
, calculate the total energy generated in a
year.
Sol:
• Energy generated/year
= Max. demand × L.F. × Hours in a year
= (100 × 103) × (0·4) × (24 × 365) kWh
= 3504 × 105 kWh 35
Eg2: A generating station has a connected load of
43MW and a maximum demand of 20 MW; the
units generated being 61·5 × 106 per annum.
Calculate (i) the demand factor and (ii) load
factor.
Sol:
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Eg3: A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for
2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut down for
the rest of each day. It is also shut down for
maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate its
annual load factor.
Sol:
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Eg3: A generating station has a maximum demand
of 25MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity
factor of 50% and a plant use factor of 72%. Find
(i) the reserve capacity of the plant (ii) the daily
energy produced and (iii) maximum energy that
could be produced daily if the plant while running
as per schedule, were fully loaded.
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Eg5: A diesel station supplies the following loads to
various consumers :
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• The daily demands of three consumers are given
below :
Time Cons 1 Cons 2 Cons 3
12 mid to 8 A.M. No load 200 W No load
8 A.M. to 2 P.M. 600 W No load 200 W
2 P.M. to 4 P.M. 200 W 1000 W 1200 W
4 P.M. to 10 P.M. 800 W No load No load
10 P.M. to mid No load 200 W 200 W
• Plot the load curve and find (i) maximum demand of
individual consumer (ii) load factor of individual
consumer (iii) diversity factor and (iv) load factor of the
station.
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• The annual load duration curve of a certain power
station can be considered as a straight line from
20 MW to 4 MW. To meet this load, three turbine-
generator units, two rated at 10 MW each and
one rated at 5 MW are installed. Determine (i)
installed capacity (ii) plant factor (iii) units
generated per annum (iv) load factor and (v)
utilisation factor.
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• Energy generated = area under load duration
curve
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Load Curves and Selection of Generating Units
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• A generating station is to supply four regions of
load whose peak loads are 10 MW, 5 MW, 8 MW
and 7 MW. The diversity factor at the station is
1·5 and the average annual load factor is 60%.
Calculate :
(i) the maximum demand on the station.
(ii) annual energy supplied by the station.
(iii)Suggest the installed capacity and the number of
units.
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Base Load and Peak Load on Power Station
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FITTING OF STRAIGHT
LINE
• Let a straight line y = a + bx
• Data points (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) ,……, (xn, yn)
FITTING OF
PARABOLA
CHANGE OF
SCALE
FITTING OF AN EXPONENTIAL
CURVE
plant level and system level controls .
AVR
LFC