KINETICS INVOLVED IN THE

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
OF COSTUS SPEICIES
PRESENTED BY FADUNSIN, OLADAPO RIDWAN
CHE/2015/035
SUPERVISOR: PROF B.O SOLOMON
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, OAU ILE-IFE
METHODS OF PLANT EXTRACTION

• Sample preparation
• Extraction of phytochemicals
• Analysis of the extracted phytochemicals(Qualitative and Quantitative analysis)
SAMPLE PREPARATION

Fresh leaves of various costus species were obtained from a farm in Ile-ife, Osun state,
Nigeria. The leaves were washed and dried under shade i.e at room temperature to remove
the moisture content in the leaves, the dried leaves were then grounded into powdered form
by using an electric grinder.
EXTRACTION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICALS

Soxhlet method was adopted to obtain the extracts of experimental plant parts. The residue was
collected for the distillation process to separate the solvent out of the extract. and left for air
drying and dried crude extract was stored in refrigerator for experimentation.
100 gm of powdered leaf of the Costus species were extracted with n-hexane, ethanol, methanol
and distilled water respectively. Each extract was tested for presence of phytochemicals like
tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, steroids, saponins using standard
procedures to identify phytoconstituents as described by Sofoworo(1993).
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Various test were conducted in confirming the presence of the phytochemicals in the crude extract.
E.g: Test for flavonoid, phenols, triterpenes, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, proteins, e.t.c.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Various methods are used to determine the concentration/amount of each phytochemicals in the
extracts also chromatographic techniques are used to separate the chemicals and get their various
concentrations. HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is a chromatographic
techniques that separates the chemicals and also gives their concentrations.
KINETICS INVOLVED

• Weight of each wet sample is done on a daily basis to get the amount of moisture content
contained in the leaves and get the period of drying.
• On extraction, the kinetics of solid liquid extraction of phenols, tannins, flavonoids and
other phytochemicals for the various solvents were studied.
• Second-order rate law for extraction of compounds from tea leaves is considered
KINECTICS INVOLVED

• According to Chan et al(2014), second-order rate law for extraction of compounds from
tea leaves is considered;
dc/dt = k1(C-C∞) (1)

k1 = the second-order extraction rate constant (gμg−1min−1 )

C∞ = the extraction capacity (concentration of phytochemicals at saturation in gL−1 )

C = the concentration of phytochemicals in the solution at any time (gL−1), t(min)
KINECTICS INVOLVED

By considering the boundary condition t = 0 to t and C = 0 to C, the integrated rate

law for a second-order extraction was obtained.
C = C∞2 k1t/1+ C∞k1t (2)

By linear transformation of the above equation, the rate constant k1 can be determined by
fitting the experimental data.
t/c = 1/k1C∞2 + t/C∞
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

Arrhenius equation was used in evaluating the effect of temperature of extraction on the kinetic model. It was used to
describe the relationship between extraction rate constant(k) and temperature(T).
The equation shows the Arrhenius equation;
In k = In ko + (-Ea/R x 1/T)
Rearranging the above equation results to
K = Koe-Ea/RT
which is further written to
K = Koexp(-1000Ea/RT)
where k0 is the pre-exponential factor for extraction rate constant (L g −1 min−1), Ea represents the activation energy of
extraction (J mol−1). R is the ideal gas constant (8.314 J mol −1 K−1), T is the temperature of extraction in Kelvin (K). 
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The degree at which the models studied

statistically represent the data obtained
experimentally were by the evaluation of
correlation coefficient (R2), RMS, ARE, and the
SEE. The error functions were computed using the
expressions for RMS, ARE, and SEE, respectively
(Alan, 2018).
Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation
(Mean ± SD) of six independent experiments.
Statistical analysis, student’s t-test and calculation
of Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) were
performed using Microsoft Excel and value of p <
0.05 was considered as significant (Peleg, 1988).
REFERENCES

Sofoworo EA. Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria.
1993;289.
Chan CH, Yusoff R, Ngoh GC. Modeling and kinetics study of conventional and assisted batch solvent
extraction. Chem Eng Res Des. 2014;92(6):1169–86.
Jones, Alan R. (2018). Probability, Statistics and Other Frightening Stuff. Routledge. p. 48.
Gerber, F.; Krummen, M.; Potgeter, H.; Roth, A.; Siffrin, C.; Spoendlin, C. (2004). "Practical aspects of
fast reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A. 1036(2):
127–133. 
Peleg M. An empirical model for the description of moisture sorption curves. J Food Sci. 1988;53:1216–7