Organic Chemistry

What is Organic Chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition,
reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include
not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other
elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–
hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
 Where Is Organic Chemistry Used?

Organic chemistry is a highly creative science in which chemists create new

molecules and explore the properties of existing compounds. They are
central to the economic growth of a country in producing rubber, plastics,
fuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, detergent, coatings, dyestuff, and
agrichemical industries.
 Atomic Theory

Atomic Theory - is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles

called atoms.
Protons
Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in the year 1919, when he
performed his gold foil experiment. He projected alpha particles (helium nuclei) at
gold foil, and the positive alpha particles were deflected. He concluded that
protons exist in a nucleus and have a positive nuclear charge. The atomic number
or proton number is the number of protons present in an atom. The atomic
number determines an element (e.g., the element of atomic number 6 is carbon).
Electrons
Electrons were discovered by Sir John Joseph Thomson in 1897.
After many experiments involving cathode rays, J.J. Thomson
demonstrated the ratio of mass to electric charge of cathode rays. He
confirmed that cathode rays are fundamental particles that are
negatively-charged; these cathode rays became known as electrons.
Robert Millikan, through oil drop experiments, found the value of the
electronic charge.
The cathode rays (blue) were emitted from the cathode,
sharpened to a beam by the slits, then deflected as they
passed between the two electrified plates.
Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible
division of matter until 1897 when J. J. Thomson
 discovered the electron through his work on 
cathode rays.[16]
Neutrons
Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, when he
demonstrated that penetrating radiation incorporated beams of
neutral particles. Neutrons are located in the nucleus with the
protons. Along with protons, they make up almost all of the mass of
the atom. The number of neutrons is called the neutron number and
can be found by subtracting the proton number from the atomic
mass number. The neutrons in an element determine the isotope of
an atom, and often its stability. The number of neutrons is not
necessarily equal to the number of protons.
Particle Electric Charge (C) Atomic Charge Mass (g) Atomic Mass (Au) Spin

Protons +1.6022 x 10-19 +1 1.6726 x 10-24 1.0073 1/2

Neutrons 0 0 1.6740 x 10-24 1.0078 1/2

Electrons -1.6022 x 10-19 -1 9.1094 x 10-28 0.00054858 1/2

Consider a neutral atom of carbon: C6 12. The atomic mass number of Carbon is 12 amu, the
proton number is 6, and it has no charge. In neutral atoms, the charge is omitted.

•# Neutrons = Atomic Mass Number - Proton Number

• Atomic mass number is abbreviated as A.
• Atomic number is abbreviated Z.
•# Protons = Atomic Number
•In neutral atoms, # Electrons = # Protons
In ions, # Electrons = # Protons - (Charge)
Isotope- element have the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons in each atom

The three naturally-occurring isotopes of hydrogen. The

fact that each isotope has one proton makes them all
variants of hydrogen: the identity of the isotope is given by
the number of protons and neutrons. From left to right, the
isotopes are protium (1H) with zero neutrons, deuterium
 (2H) with one neutron, and tritium (3H) with two neutrons.
 Problems
1. Identify the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in the following atom.
What element is in the picture?
2. Given the following, identify the element . (The periodic table is
required to solve these problems):
• Charge +1, 3 electron, mass number 7.
• Charge -2, 7 neutrons, mass number 17.
• 26 protons, 30 neutrons.
• 28 protons, mass number 59.
• 5 electrons, mass number 11.
• Charge -1, 18 electrons, mass number 36.
• 1 proton, 1 electron, 0 neutron
• 82 protons, 82 electron, 125 neutron
3. Arrange the following elements in order of increasing (a) number of protons;
(b) number of neutrons; (c) mass.
27
Co, when A=59;  56Fe, when Z=26;  11
Na, when A=23;  80
Br, when
Z=35;  29
Cu, when A=30;  55
Mn, when Z=25

4. Fill in the rest of the table:

Atomic Number Mass Number Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons
2 2
23 11
15 16
85 37
53 74