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Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
of Individual Behavior
Chapter 2 1
Learning Objectives
• Define key biographical characteristics
• Identify two types of ability
• Shape the behavior of others
• Examine four schedules of reinforcement
• Clarify the role of punishment in learning
Chapter 2 2
Biographical
Characteristics
Age
Chapter 2 3
Biographical
Characteristics
Gender
Chapter 2 4
Biographical
Characteristics
Marital Status
Chapter 2 5
Biographical
Characteristics
Tenure
Chapter 2 6
Intellectual Abilities
• Number aptitude
• Verbal comprehension
• Perceptual speed
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Spatial visualization
• Memory ability
Chapter 2 7
Basic Physical Abilities
Chapter 2 8
The Ability-Job Fit
• Abilities of the
employee
• Requirements of
the job
Chapter 2 9
Classical
Classical Conditioning
Conditioning
Chapter 2 10
Chapter 2 11
Operant
Operant Conditioning
Conditioning
Chapter 2 12
Chapter 2 13
Social
Social Learning
Learning Theory
Theory
Learn by observing others and through direct experiences
Attentional Reconize
Retention Remember
Motor Reproduction Do
Chapter 2 14
Positive Negative
Reinforcement Reinforcement
Methods of
Shaping Behavior
Punishment Extinction
Chapter 2 15
Types of Reinforcement
Continuous Intermittent
Reinforces desired Reinforces desired
behavior every time behavior often
enough to make
behavior worth
repeating
Chapter 2 16
Schedules of Reinforcement
Interval Ratio
Fixed
Fixed- Fixed-
Interval Ratio
Variable
Variable- Variable-
Interval Ratio
Chapter 2 17
Behavior Modification:
Emery Air Freight
Chapter 2 18
Behavior Modification
• Critical behaviors
• Baseline data
• Behavioral consequences
• Intervention strategy
• Performance improvement
Chapter 2 19
Organizational Applications
• Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
• Well pay versus sick pay
• Training programs
• Mentoring programs
Chapter 2 20